A new insight on elderberry anthocyanins bioactivity: Modulation of mitochondrial redox chain functionality and cell redox state

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) Fruit Extract Alleviates Oxidative Stress, Insulin Resistance, and Inflammation in Hypertrophied 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Activated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

“…Furthermore, up-regulation of mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, like SOD and GPx, could also contribute to enhancing adipocyte antioxidant defense efficiency. Numerous studies have shown the high antioxidant capacity of Sambucus nigra fruit [6,10]. However, the antioxidant effects of EDB on adipocytes have not yet been reported in the literature.…”

“…A promising candidate capable of attenuating obesity and complications related to excessive fat tissue growth might be Sambucus nigra L. (European elderberry) fruit as a valuable source of polyphenolic compounds, primarily flavonols, flavanols, phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins [5]. The unique polyphenol composition is responsible for the high biological potential of elderberry fruit (EDB), including antiviral and antimicrobial activity, as well as chemopreventive, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects that have been documented in several scientific reports [6,7,8,9,10]. Also, it has been suggested that EDB may be an effective remedy for diabetes, obesity, and metabolic dysfunctions [9].…”

“…Scientific reports indicate that EDB extracts possess the unique potential to modulate the immune response depending on the immune stimuli and inflammatory disorders. The EDB bioactives have evoked different immune effects by controlling pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and mediators (Reactive oxygen species, NO, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1, IL-8, IL-10, PGE 2 , COX-2, iNOS, INF-γ), that play a crucial role in acute and chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases associated with obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disturbances, and neurodegenerative diseases [7,8,10,11,12,13,14,15,16].…”

Anthocyanins and Their Metabolites as Therapeutic Agents for Neurodegenerative Disease

“…Several reports have documented that treatment with pure anthocyanins or anthocyanin-rich extracts enhances levels of the enzymes catalase, which scavenges hydrogen peroxide, and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) both in vitro and in vivo [43,44,45,46,48,49,50,54,57]. Moreover, anthocyanins have been shown to both enhance levels of GSH and prevent its oxidation within neuronal cultures in addition to increasing expression of both glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase [53,58,59,60,61]. They have also been demonstrated to directly enhance the activity of glutathione peroxidase, which plays a vital role in detoxifying hydrogen peroxide using GSH [60].…”

“…One study using a glial cell line noted that several different anthocyanin species improved GSH levels following challenge with hydrogen peroxide, while treatment of primary astrocytes with anthocyanin-rich lingonberry extract enhanced thiol levels after treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), indicative of high concentrations of GSH [51,62]. Both pure anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich extracts have also been shown to reduce mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction induced by Bcl-2 inhibition, hydrogen peroxide, or rotenone toxicity [51,60,61,63]. These activities are thought to be modulated in part by the ability of anthocyanins to induce nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) activity, which acts as a master regulator of many antioxidant genes including catalase and the regulatory subunit of gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase, the enzyme responsible for carrying out the rate limiting step of GSH synthesis, in addition to a host of other phase II detoxification enzymes [35,36,58,64].…”