A New History of Ourselves, in the Shadow of our Obsessions and Compulsions

Castel, Pierre-Henri; Verdier, A.; Sass, Louis A.

doi:10.1353/ppp.2014.0047

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Freud believed that obsessive-compulsive behavior was a defense against unconscious conflicts and urges, especially related to libido. He isolated obsessive neurosis from neurasthenia and called the obsessive and compulsive disorder ‘Zwangsneurose’ in his paper in 1895 [ 6 ].…”

Section: Changing Concepts Of Ocdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Advances in Treatment Strategies for Obsessive-compulsive Disorder in Adults

Roh

Jang

Kim

2023

Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci

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In the present article, we provide a comprehensive review of the treatment strategies for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a common, chronic, and often debilitating disorder, characterized by overwhelming obsessions and compulsions. OCD typically starts in childhood or adolescence and persists throughout life, causing functional impairment across multiple domains. The article begins by describing the historical concepts of OCD from religious and guilt-based explanations to psychoanalytic perspectives, and then explores the changing understanding of OCD as a treatable con-dition. Recent advances include the development of evidence-based psychological treatments, such as exposure and response prevention, and pharmacological treatments, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and the International Classification of Diseases, has removed OCD from the anxiety disorder grouping and regrouped it into obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. We conclude by highlighting the current state of knowledge and development in the clinical management of OCD, including recommendations for first- and second-line treatments, alternative, or augmentative strategies for and novel agents under investigation for OCD. In future, the latest advances in neuroimaging, electrophysiology, digital technology, and data-driven analysis will help elucidate the pathophysiology of OCD and develop personalized intervention strategies.

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Section: Changing Concepts Of Ocdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Advances in Treatment Strategies for Obsessive-compulsive Disorder in Adults

Roh

Jang

Kim

2023

Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci

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“…104 The behaviourally inclined psychologists were intent on approaching obsessional phenomena 'without resorting to the obscure hidden draws of the Freudian soul'. 105 There was a move away from the clinical structure of pathological categories to a focus on external symptoms, and the development of a treatment (exposure-response prevention) that produced observable, and calculable, results. When a patient was seen to consistently complete an 'exposure' without 'doing the compulsions', the move was made to the next item on the hierarchy.…”

Section: Animal Models: 'Anxiety-reducing' Behavioursmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Visible’ compulsions: OCD and the politics of science in British clinical psychology, 1948–1975

Surawy Stepney

2023

Br J Hist Sci

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This article historicizes a single stage in how the contemporary obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) category was built. Starting from the position that the two central components which make up OCD are ‘obsessions’ and ‘compulsions’, it illustrates how these concepts were taken apart by a small group of clinical psychologists working at the Institute of Psychiatry and the Maudsley psychiatric hospital in south London in the early 1970s, and why compulsions were investigated whilst obsessions were ignored. The decision to distinguish the previously undifferentiated symptoms is attributed to the commitment amongst psychologists at the Maudsley, most notably Stanley Rachman, to an empirical conception of science which emphasized observability. Two aspects of this are discussed. First, compulsions were deemed ‘visible’ through their correspondence with animal behaviour. Second, the symptom was seen as open to an experimental modification procedure which privileged visible outcomes. Ultimately, the article concludes that the historical division between ‘obsessions’ and ‘compulsions’, and the extensive investigation of the latter, has had substantial implications for the development of OCD as a category centred on visible behaviours and treated through behavioural means.

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“…Human norms, in contradistinction to those that apply to even the most complex games, can be fuzzy or implicit; written or nonwritten; formulated or inferential; or, to use linguistic terminology, discursive or intuitive. 15 Inferential (or non-formulated) norms play a major role in our behavior, effecting self-constraints that can only be understood by looking at “the sociocultural plane” (Castel 2014 , 302; Farnsworth 2018 , 1802–1803). Compliance with such norms “is accomplished, not by external constraint or threats of violence but through the interiorization of forms of self-control” (Castel 2014 ).…”

Section: The New Context: Nonhuman Intelligent Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15 Inferential (or non-formulated) norms play a major role in our behavior, effecting self-constraints that can only be understood by looking at “the sociocultural plane” (Castel 2014 , 302; Farnsworth 2018 , 1802–1803). Compliance with such norms “is accomplished, not by external constraint or threats of violence but through the interiorization of forms of self-control” (Castel 2014 ). This interiority is not “naturally occurring” but rather something that is shaped socially, carved into the individual psyche.…”

Section: The New Context: Nonhuman Intelligent Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards an effective transnational regulation of AI

Gervais

2021

AI & Soc

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Law and the legal system through which law is effected are very powerful, yet the power of the law has always been limited by the laws of nature, upon which the law has now direct grip. Human law now faces an unprecedented challenge, the emergence of a second limit on its grip, a new “species” of intelligent agents (AI machines) that can perform cognitive tasks that until recently only humans could. What happens, as a matter of law, when another species interacts with us, can be integrated into human minds and bodies, makes “real-world” decisions—not through human proxies, but directly—and does all this “intelligently”, with what one could call autonomous agency or even a “mind” of its own? The article starts from the clear premise that control cannot be exercised directly on AI machines through human law. That control can only be effected through laws that apply to humans. This has several regulatory implications. The article’s first discusses what, in any attempt to regulate AI machines, the law can achieve. Having identified what the law can do, the article then canvases what the law should aim to achieve overall. The article encapsulate its analysis in a list of both doctrinal and normative principles that should underpin any regulation aimed at AI machines. Finally, the article compares three transnational options to implement the proposed regulatory approach.

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A New History of Ourselves, in the Shadow of our Obsessions and Compulsions

Cited by 11 publications

References 2 publications

Clinical Advances in Treatment Strategies for Obsessive-compulsive Disorder in Adults

Clinical Advances in Treatment Strategies for Obsessive-compulsive Disorder in Adults

‘Visible’ compulsions: OCD and the politics of science in British clinical psychology, 1948–1975

Towards an effective transnational regulation of AI

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