A new framework based on signature patches, micro registration, and sparse representation for optical text recognition

Abstract

A framework for development of segmentation-free optical recognizers of ancient manuscripts, which work free from line, word, and character segmentation, is proposed. The framework introduces a new representation of visual text using the concept of signature patches. These patches which are free from traditional guidelines of text, such as the baseline, are registered to each other using a microscale registration method based on the estimation of the active regions using a multilevel classifier, the directional map. Then, an one-dimensional feature vector is extracted from the registered signature patches, named spiral features. The incremental learning process is performed using a sparse representation using a dictionary of spiral feature atoms. The framework is applied to the George Washington database with promising results.

MEO: Martial Eagle Optimizer Algorithm

“…Table 1 contains a list of the most important optimization algorithms in four groups: EA, PBA, SIA and HBA. Genetic Algorithm [8] GA Holland JH(1975) Simulated Annealing [9] SA Kirkpatrick S et al(1983) Genetic Programming [10] GP Koza JR(1992) Evolution Strategy [11] ES Rechenberg I(1994) Memetic Algorithm [12] MA Radcliffe NJ, Surry PD(1994) Cultural Algorithm [13] CA Reynolds RG(1994) Differential Evolution [14] DE Storn R, Price K(1997) Evolutionary Programming [15] EP Yao X et al(1999) CoEvolutionary Algorithm [16] CoEa Kim YK et [24] CSS Kaveh A, Talatahari S(2010) Chemical-Reaction Optimization [25] CRO Albert Y, Lam S(2010) Black Hole [26] BH Hatamlou A(2012) Curved Space Optimization [27] CSO Moghaddam FF et al(2012) Multi-Verse Optimizer [28] MVO Mirjalili S, Mirjalili SM(2015) Ideal Gas Molecular Movement [29] IGMM Varae M, Ghasemi MR(2016)…”

PMW: The Portuguese Man o' War optimization algorithm

“…Small-World Optimization Algorithm [20] SWOA Du H, Wu X, Zhuang J Central Force Optimization [21] CFO Formato RA Magnetic Optimization Algorithm [22] MOA Tayarani N, Akbarzadeh M Gravitational Search Algorithm [23] GSA Rashedi E, Nezamabadi-Pour H Charged System Search [24] CSS Kaveh A, Talatahari S Chemical-Reaction Optimization [25] CRO Albert Y, Lam S Black Hole [26] BH Hatamlou A Curved Space Optimization [27] CSO Moghaddam FF, Moghaddam RF, Cheriet M Multi-Verse Optimizer [28] MVO Mirjalili S, Mirjalili SM Ideal Gas Molecular Movement [29] IGMM Varae M, Ghasemi MR Water Evaporation Optimization [30] WEO Kaveh A, Mahdavi VR Galactic Swarm Optimization [31] GSO Muthiah-Nakarajan V, Noel MM Vibrating Particles System [32] VPS Kaveh A, Ghazaan MI Lichtenberg Algorithm [33] LA Pereira JLJ, Francisco MB, Diniz CA, Oliver GA, Cunha SS, Gomes GF…”