A new family, Pervetustaceae with a new genus, Pervetustus, and P. simplex sp. nov. (Paraglomerales), and a new genus, Innospora with I. majewskii comb. nov. (Paraglomeraceae) in the Glomeromycotina

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are soil organisms that form mutualistic associations with most plants. The use of AMF is a strategy for the recovery of degraded soils, thus favoring the productivity of the crops. Native AMF can be selected from areas with particular soil and climatic conditions to be multiplied and used as inoculants, with better possibility of adaptation to degraded areas. The objective of this work was to characterize predominant native AMFs, from pastures of the northern zone of Peru. Soil samples from the areas of Carañayacu (A and B), Bosalao (A and B), Estero (A and B), Cercado (A and B), Chacrilla and Difuntillo in Cuñumbuque district in the San Martin region were collected. The soils were used as a substrate for the growth of two forage legumes including Centrosema macrocarpum and Leucaena leucocephala. A completely randomized design was used, with a factorial arrangement of 10 (zones) x 2 (legumes), with three repetitions. The results showed that the zones had greater influence in the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization in relation to the legumes, being the areas of Estero (72, 89%) and Difuntillo (70, 81%) those that had the highest percentage of colonization. The number of spores was influenced mainly by legumes, where Centrosema macrocarpum had the highest number with 710 spores / 10 g of soil from the Difuntillo area. Finally, 7 predominant native AMF morphotypes were characterized, being the morphotype of the Claroideoglomus genus the most predominant. AMF selected and multiplied under greenhouse conditions and reintroduced in areas of degraded pastures can increase their richness and, together with the installation of legumes, favor the recovery of degraded soils.

Community Structure of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Soils of Switchgrass Harvested for Bioenergy

“…In addition to the Nanoglomus plukenetiae sensu lato clade, some of the less-abundant clades identified in this study might be undescribed lineages of AMF. Our phylogenetic analysis showed that the unknown, worldwide, soil-inhabiting clade deemed GS24 ( 51 ) corresponds to the family Pervetustaceae in Paraglomerales, which contains one species, Pervetustus simplex , described in 2017 from the deserts of Oman ( 29 ). We recovered seven ASVs in three clades belonging to this enigmatic family, two of which were well supported ( Fig.…”

“…S3 and S4) indicated that certain clades, while described in the literature, were not represented in the UNITE database and thus taxonomic assignment of related ASVs consistently failed. Of the 24 ASVs that could not be assigned to any order, 18 were resolved to a Glomerales clade encompassing the recently described species Nanoglomus plukenetiae ( 49 ) and the remaining six to the Pervetustaceae clade in Paraglomerales ( 29 ). Furthermore, eight ASVs were closely related to described species in Paraglomeraceae or Pervetustaceae in Paraglomerales but were not assigned to any family.…”

“…Part of the uncertainty around the effects of N addition on AMF and switchgrass productivity could stem from the limited taxonomic resolution of traditional methods used to characterize AMF, which fail to detect certain clades while masking the extensive functional diversity present among AMF after over 500 million years of evolution (28). For example, AMF staining procedures to measure root colonization and nutrient transfer structures do not detect members of the order Paraglomerales, which have weakly staining or completely nonstaining tissues (29,30). Furthermore, morphological metrics have no inherent meaning for plant performance, given that AMF species exist along a symbiotic spectrum ranging from mutualism to parasitism (31,32).…”

New taxa in Glomeromycota: Polonosporaceae fam. nov., Polonospora gen. nov., and P. polonica comb. nov.

“…schenckii, Innospora majewskii, and Paraglomus laccatum were obtained by amplification with primers designed by Stockinger et al (2014) following the recommended conditions. We used the same DNA, from which 18S-ITS-28S sequences had been obtained (Błaszkowski et al 2017). The first PCR was performed with primers RPB1-Ac and RPB1-DR2160r, while the second PCR with RPB1-Ac and RPB1-DR1210r + RPB1-DR1210r_Aca_div.…”

From isolation to application: a case study of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the Arabian Peninsula

“…Single-spore assays were checked for sporulation, and positive cultures were used as inocula for further propagation by culturing with a consortium of Allium porrum L., Hieracium pilosella L., and Plantago lanceolata L. as AMF host plants. The resulting mycorrhizal inocula were identified using morphological and molecular identification methods, as described previously (Symanczik et al 2014a, b;Blaszkovski et al 2017;Symanczik et al 2018).…”