A new experimental material for modeling relief dynamics and interactions between tectonics and surface processes

Graveleau, Fabien; Hurtrez, Jean Emmanuel; Dominguez, Stéphane; Malavieille, Jacques

doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.09.029

Cited by 51 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…It should be noted that dry granular materials have been used not only to simulate the brittle upper crust but also the brittle upper lithospheric mantle. Dry granular materials commonly used in analogue modelling include quartz sand (see reviews by Cobbold and Castro, 1999;Graveleau et al, 2011;Dooley and Schreurs, 2012), feldspar powder (e.g. Sokoutis et al, 2005;Corti and Manetti, 2006;Corti, 2008;Luth et al, 2013a;Calignano et al, 2015), glass microspheres or microbeads (e.g.…”

Section: Brittle Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other wet granular materials are also commonly used to investigate geomorphologic problems (Graveleau et al, 2011 and references therein). Their apparent cohesion is generally higher than dry quartz sand (van Mechelen, 2004;Richefeu et al, 2006;Graveleau et al, 2011Graveleau et al, ,2015Strak et al, 2011) and therefore the length scale needs to be adjusted accordingly, considering that cohesion scales as stresses following Eq. (8) or Eq.…”

Section: Granular Materials Peculiarity Purpose Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(8) or Eq. (13) Graveleau et al, 2011Graveleau et al, , 2015Strak et al, 2011). Despite the striking resemblance between the features related to brittle deformation in the laboratory and those observed in nature, the similarity between shear zones developing in granular materials and natural faults is imperfect.…”

Section: Granular Materials Peculiarity Purpose Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of analogue modelling of geodynamic processes: Approaches, scaling, materials and quantification, with an application to subduction experiments

Schellart

Strak

2016

Journal of Geodynamics

126

105

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a b s t r a c tWe present a review of the analogue modelling method, which has been used for 200 years, and continues to be used, to investigate geological phenomena and geodynamic processes. We particularly focus on the following four components: (1) the different fundamental modelling approaches that exist in analogue modelling; (2) the scaling theory and scaling of topography; (3) the different materials and rheologies that are used to simulate the complex behaviour of rocks; and (4) a range of recording techniques that are used for qualitative and quantitative analyses and interpretations of analogue models. Furthermore, we apply these four components to laboratory-based subduction models and describe some of the issues at hand with modelling such systems. Over the last 200 years, a wide variety of analogue materials have been used with different rheologies, including viscous materials (e.g. syrups, silicones, water), brittle materials (e.g. granular materials such as sand, microspheres and sugar), plastic materials (e.g. plasticine), viscoplastic materials (e.g. paraffin, waxes, petrolatum) and visco-elasto-plastic materials (e.g. hydrocarbon compounds and gelatins). These materials have been used in many different set-ups to study processes from the microscale, such as porphyroclast rotation, to the mantle scale, such as subduction and mantle convection. Despite the wide variety of modelling materials and great diversity in model set-ups and processes investigated, all laboratory experiments can be classified into one of three different categories based on three fundamental modelling approaches that have been used in analogue modelling: (1) The external approach, (2) the combined (external + internal) approach, and (3) the internal approach. In the external approach and combined approach, energy is added to the experimental system through the external application of a velocity, temperature gradient or a material influx (or a combination thereof), and so the system is open. In the external approach, all deformation in the system is driven by the externally imposed condition, while in the combined approach, part of the deformation is driven by buoyancy forces internal to the system. In the internal approach, all deformation is driven by buoyancy forces internal to the system and so the system is closed and no energy is added during an experimental run. In the combined approach, the externally imposed force or added energy is generally not quantified nor compared to the internal buoyancy force or potential energy of the system, and so it is not known if these experiments are properly scaled with respect to nature. The scaling theory requires that analogue models are geometrically, kinematically and dynamically similar to the natural prototype. Direct scaling of topography in laboratory models indicates that it is often significantly exaggerated. This can be ascribed to (1) The lack of isostatic compensation, which causes topography to be too high.(2) The lack of erosion, which causes topography to be too high....

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Section: Brittle Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Granular Materials Peculiarity Purpose Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Granular Materials Peculiarity Purpose Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of analogue modelling of geodynamic processes: Approaches, scaling, materials and quantification, with an application to subduction experiments

Schellart

Strak

2016

Journal of Geodynamics

126

105

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“…Fluvial response to tectonic uplifts has been investigated from several aspects (e.g. ouChi 1985;LaGue et al 2003;GraVeLeau et al 2011). Several studies have been focused on mathematical modeling involving physical parameters on these topics (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmation of a theory: reconstruction of an alluvial plain development in a flume experiment

Bertalan¹,

Tóth²,

Szabó³

et al. 2016

Erdkunde

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Summary:Fluvial geomorphologists have tried to describe the outstanding tectonically affected avulsion process of Tisza River at the Great Hungarian Plain by various theoretical concepts. Flume experiments provide the ability to examine the main characteristic processes of a highlighted surface development theory under controlled settings within an accelerated time scale. Our goal was to reconstruct and refine these hypotheses from a new experimental point of view. Contrary to the previous flume studies focused on a highlighted mechanism, our experiment combined several processes for confirmation purposes. In this study we performed an experiment of the avulsion process mentioned above on a 12 x 5 x 2.5 m flume where a special instrument was planted under the sand layers in order to simulate the vertical tectonic movements. A terrestrial laser scanner was used to record the different stages of the topographic evolution. We shaped the initial surface and executed the main landscape forming processes according to theoretical descriptions then with modifications to examine the similarities and differences between the experimental outcomes and the theoretical evolution. The results of three different types of scenarios proved the key role of the uplifting Nyírség alluvial fan in the channel direction changing process of Tisza River. On the other hand, the role of Bodrogköz area had been questioned. Flume experiments with appropriate equipment can serve as a suitable tool for the reconstruction of surface development theories taking into account several landscape forming processes simultaneously.Zusammenfassung: Die außergewöhnliche, tektonisch bedingte Flussverlagerung der Theiß in der Großen Ungarischen Tiefebene beschäftigt die Fluvialmorphologie seit Langem und hat zu unterschiedlichen theoretischen Erklärungsansätzen geführt. Experimente in Versuchskanälen bieten die Möglichkeit, grundlegende Prozesse der Fluss-und Oberflächenge-nese einzelner theoretischer Ansätze unter kontrollierten und zeitlich beschleunigten Bedingungen zu untersuchen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie bestand darin, die Hypothesen der Theiß Flussverlagerung von einer experimentellen Seite aus zu beleuchten. Angesicht der Komplexität der vorliegenden theoretischen Konzepte, bestand im Unterschied zu zahlreichen anderen Versuchskanalexperimenten, die Herausforderung dieser Studie in der Simulation eines multifaktoriellen Prozessgefüges. Die Experimente wurden in einem 12 x 5 x 2,5 m Versuchskanal durchgeführt, der durch einem Umbau so modifiziert wurde, dass unterschiedliche Zonen angehoben und abgesenkt werden können, um tektonische Bewegungen zu simulieren. Unterschiedliche Stadien der Oberflächengenese wurden mit einem terrestrischen Laserscanner erfasst. Ausgehend von einer initialen Oberfläche und wurden die Experimente entsprechend der theoretischen Konzepte durchlaufen und für Vergleichszwecke ergänzt durch Versuchsläufe mit leicht modifizierten Rahmenbedingungen. Im Ergebnis belegen die durchgeführten Experimente übereinstimmend die b...

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“…These materials include wet clay (e.g., Eisenstadt andSims 2005, Withjack et al 2007), glass microbeads, aluminum microspheres (Rossi and Storti 2003), water-saturated granular materials (Graveleau et al 2011), siliceous powder (Bonnet et al 2007), hemihydrate powder (CaSO4•½H2O) (van Gent et al 2010), and a sand-mica mixture (Gomes 2013). Glass microbeads are commonly used to represent incompetent layers (e.g., mudstone, shale or a layer of high fluid pressure) between competent layers when simulating a multilayered rock package (e.g., Teixell and Koyi 2003, Panien et al 2005, 2006b, Ravaglia et al 2006 or a low-friction detachment (e.g., Turrini et al 2001, Massoli et al 2006, Malavieille 2010, Konstantinovskaya and Malavieille 2011.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Glass Microbeads in Analog Models of Thrust Wedges

D'Angelo

Gomes

2017

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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Glass microbeads are frequently used in analog physical modeling to simulate weak detachment zones but have been neglected in models of thrust wedges. Microbeads differ from quartz sand in grain shape and in low angle of internal friction. In this study, we compared the structural characteristics of microbeads and sand wedges. To obtain a better picture of their mechanical behavior, we determined the physical and frictional properties of microbeads using polarizing and scanning electron microscopy and ring-shear tests, respectively. We built shortening experiments with different basal frictions and measured the thickness, slope and length of the wedges and also the fault spacings. All the microbeads experiments revealed wedge geometries that were consistent with previous studies that have been performed with sand. However, the deformation features in the microbeads shortened over low to intermediate basal frictions were slightly different. Microbeads produced different fault geometries than sand as well as a different grain flow. In addition, they produced slip on minor faults, which was associated with distributed deformation and gave the microbeads wedges the appearance of disharmonic folds. We concluded that the glass microbeads may be used to simulate relatively competent rocks, like carbonates, which may be characterized by small-scale deformation features.

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A new experimental material for modeling relief dynamics and interactions between tectonics and surface processes

Cited by 51 publications

References 92 publications

A review of analogue modelling of geodynamic processes: Approaches, scaling, materials and quantification, with an application to subduction experiments

A review of analogue modelling of geodynamic processes: Approaches, scaling, materials and quantification, with an application to subduction experiments

Confirmation of a theory: reconstruction of an alluvial plain development in a flume experiment

Glass Microbeads in Analog Models of Thrust Wedges

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