olicymakers and researchers have dedicated increasing attention to the state of K-12 teacher preparation programs (TPPs) amid concerns over potential teacher and staff shortages in many school districts and states (Knox, 2022;Goldberg, 2021). As of 2022, Nguyen, Lam, and Bruno (2022) estimated that there were at least 36,000 vacant K-12 teacher positions across the United States, and another 163,000 teaching positions had been filled by underqualified staff. At the same time, the number of people completing traditional, fouryear undergraduate TPPs appeared to be declining. During the 2018-2019 academic year, fewer than 90,000 undergraduate education degrees were conferred, falling from a peak