A New Echocardiographic Method for Identifying Vortex Flow in the Left Ventricle: Numerical Validation

Doppler vortography - Detection and quantification of the vortices in the left ventricle

“…Moreover, PCMRI is time-consuming and cannot be performed safely on patients with implanted pacemakers. [47,49,63,93,95] A …”

“…The spatial resolution obtained by the echo-PIV technique is lower than required [50] and with the limitation on the interrogation window size, the echo-PIV image is confined to a small sector size [63]. The temporal resolution of the echo-PIV image seems sufficient for cardiac flow imaging, but it requires important considerations [48,95]. Due to the frame rate and the interrogation window size limitations, echo-PIV measures only the confined range of velocities which are lower than 60 cm/s [45,95].…”

“…The temporal resolution of the echo-PIV image seems sufficient for cardiac flow imaging, but it requires important considerations [48,95]. Due to the frame rate and the interrogation window size limitations, echo-PIV measures only the confined range of velocities which are lower than 60 cm/s [45,95]. Recent applications of echo-PIV have shown that for a sector angle of 45°, the highest achievable temporal resolution and spatial resolution are 4 ms and about 4 mm respectively [49].…”

On the accuracy of intracardiac flow velocimetry methods

“…Progress has been made to incorporate quantitative fluid dynamics into echocardiography using particle tracking algorithms [2,3,39] that are based mostly on the well-known optical imaging techniques of particle image velocimetry (PIV) [4][5][6] or color Doppler imaging [7][8][9][10]. Recent advances in understanding left ventricular (LV) fluid dynamics based on experimental methods [11][12][13][14] and numerical simulations [15][16][17] have shed light on many aspects of ventricular flow, such as the development of intraventricular vortices.…”

“…Alternatively, vector flow mapping (VFM) measures blood flow velocity by considering color Doppler imaging and ventricular wall velocity [7][8][9][10]. This method works based on combining measured axial velocities with estimated radial velocities according to the physical principles [33].…”