A New Distributed Predictive Congestion Aware Re-Routing Algorithm for CO₂ Emissions Reduction

Abstract

In the last years, vehicular networking has grown up in terms of interest and transmission capability, due to the possibility of exploiting the distributed communication paradigm in a mobile scenario, where moving nodes are represented by vehicles. The different existing standards for vehicular ad-hoc networks, such as dedicate short range communication (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environment (WAVE)/IEEE802.11p, have given to the research community the possibility of developing new medium access control (MAC) and routing schemes, in order to enhance the quality and the comfort of mobile users who are driving their vehicles. In this paper, we focus our attention on the optimization of traffic flowing in a vehicular environment with vehicle-2-roadside capability. As shown later, the proposed idea exploits the information that is gathered by road-side units to redirect traffic flows (in terms of vehicles) to less congested roads, with an overall system optimization, also in terms of carbon dioxide emissions reduction. An analytical model, as well as a set of pseudo-code instructions, have been introduced in the paper. A deep campaign of simulations has been carried out to give more effectiveness to our proposal. Index Terms-VANET, IEEE 802.11p, wireless access for vehicular environment (WAVE), dedicate Short Range Communication (DSRC), congestion, traffic flow, predictive re-routing, CO 2 emissions. I. INTRODUCTIONI N THE last years, the interest in vehicular opportunities and potentialities has drastically grown, due to the numerous advantages inherited from mobility solutions in urban/suburban environments. In particular, Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) represent a new and modern paradigm of communication, where the nodes are able to communicate in a distributed manner, based on the ad-hoc paradigm [1], [2].VANETs are going to be considered as one of the first adhoc networking reality in nowadays applications, enabling the transmission among nearby vehicles as well as between vehicles and nearby external devices. In fact, each node is equipped with a wireless device, the On-Board Unit (OBU), which is able to interact with the infrastructure equipment for comfort/security applications, trade and infotainment services.

Adaptive Congestion Prediction in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) using Type-2 Fuzzy Model to Establish Reliable Routes

“…They designed a completely adaptive and dynamic congestion control strategy for VANETs; however, the set of fuzzy rules is limited that may lead to unreliable network solutions for scalable and highly dynamic networks. The first standard work introduced in [33] focused on the reduction in CO2 emissions by employing congestion levels reduction. They worked on optimizing the traffic flow in VANET and analyzed the information collected at RSUs to make the routing decisions.…”

“…The properties like high message rates, unreliable channel quality, and severe mobility lead to a significant problem for VANETs routing. The congestion control protocols [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] were designed to make sure the reliable transmission of security messages in V2V communications. However, adaptive congestion prediction and its utilization during the route discovery are missing in all works.…”

A Proposal of a Troposphere Model in a GNSS Simulator for VANET Applications

“…The vehicles network aims to improve road safety, increase traffic efficiency and save energy giving also attention to the emission issues [ 8 , 9 ], and also different works focus their attention on mechanisms to warn dangerous or emergency situations by exploiting on-board sensors [ 10 ], for routing purposes [ 11 ] and also using predictive mechanism as in [ 12 , 13 ]. Incoming automatic driving applications are going to require even tighter level of precision and security in order to guarantee the high required standard.…”

A New FANET Simulator for Managing Drone Networks and Providing Dynamic Connectivity

“…The way a fleet of drones can provide a reliable coverage service has been an important research topic for several years [4]. FANETs aim to maintain a certain quality of transmission deploying also node movement predictions [5][6][7]. The cooperation between these devices is fundamental for an optimal coverage service, because it is based on many coordination techniques, able to create collaborating fleet of drones, paying attention to energy issues [8] and channel state [9,10] conditions.…”