A New Diffusive Sampler for Determining Nicotine and 3-Ethenylpyridine Contents in Second-Hand Smoke

Abstract

A new diffusive sampler for determining nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine in second-hand smoke (SHS) was developed and its quality and performance were validated. The diffusive sampler is composed of an adsorption disk coated with XAD-4/PDMS on a glass fibre filter, a cellulose acetate-coated membrane filter as a windscreen, a polypropylene cassette with a cover and a badge clip. The analytical procedure was based on ISO 18145 for the active method. The performance of the diffusive sampler was assessed according to the MDHS 27 protocol. Sampling rates were determined empirically by exposing XAD-4 active samplers and XAD-4/PDMS diffusive samplers to the same SHS atmosphere. The uptake rate of nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine were 36.3 mLÁmin À1 and 38.8 mLÁmin À1 , respectively. SHS field studies were carried out using the diffusive samplers. The median concentrations of nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine in non-smoking areas were 0.183 and 0.526 mgÁm À3 , respectively. The ratios of nicotine to 3-ethenylpyridine decreased according to the freshness of the SHS. The median concentrations of nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine and suspended particulate matter (SPM) for 24-h personal exposure in the passive smoking group were 0.0422, 0.0905 and 24.3 mgÁm À3 , respectively.

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“…Nicotine is more volatile than most TSNAs, making a wider range of analytical methods available, in addition to extraction from particles on particle collection filters. Ishizu et al (2013) used a passive XAD-4/PDMS (styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer with polydimethylsiloxane) coated glass fiber filter (extracted and analyzed using GC-MS) to show that the ratio of nicotine to 3-ethenylpyridine decreased as the secondhand smoke aged. analyzed nicotine concentrations using SPME followed by GC-MS. Fu et al (2013) measured nicotine in secondhand smoke using sodium bisulphate-treated filters and GC-MS.…”

“…Nicotine can exist in three forms: 1) a diprotonated molecule that exists when in contact with envrionments with pH < 3, 2) a monoprotonated molecule that can exist in a tobacco filter (where 5 < pH < 6), and 3) the free-base molecule Pankow 1996, Ishizu andIshizu 2013). Only the free-base species is volatile (Liang and Pankow 1996).…”

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“…Nicotine is the only target chemical that can protonate, meaning it can add a proton to the molecule. Also, nicotine can exist in three forms: 1) a diprotonated molecule that exists when in contact with envrionments with pH < 3, 2) a monoprotonated molecule that can exist in a tobacco filter (where 5 < pH < 6), and 3) a free-base molecule (deprotanted conjugate base) Pankow 1996, Ishizu andIshizu 2013). Only the free-base species is volatile (Liang and Pankow 1996).…”