“…With the improvement of complex-variable dynamic system theories including asymptotic stability [19,20], exponential stability [21,22], robust stability [23,24], multistability [25,26], finite-time stability [27], periodicity [28], synchronization [29], and dissipation [30], complex-variable optimization problems were also gradually studied. Zhang et al [31] proposed a complex-variable model to solve the convex problem with equality constraints.…”