“…The Silhouette Index (SI) [ 30 ], Dunn Index [ 31 ], Davies–Bouldin (DB) [ 32 ], Calinski-Harabasz (CH) [ 33 ], Xie-Beni (XB) [ 34 ], S_Dbw [ 35 ], and RMSSTD [ 36 ] can be mentioned as primary cluster validity indices. Besides, there are many new cluster validity indices such as the CVNN [ 37 ], CVDD [ 38 ], DSI [ 39 ], SCV [ 40 ], and AWCD [ 41 ].…”