A new clothing impregnation method for personal protection against ticks and biting insects

Faulde, Michael; Uedelhoven, Waltraud M.

doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.01.008

Cited by 69 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Clothing must be retreated every 20 washes to achieve 100% knockdown after 15 minutes of contact time or more often to achieve 100% knockdown in under 15 minutes. [26][27][28] The safest and most efficient method is thought to be polymerisation of permethrin into the fibre surface of clothing in the factory. 26 Field studies of clothing treated in this way showed high repellency against ticks, ranging from 93-98%, whereas clothing treated with DEET gave a repellency of 60%.…”

Section: How Effective Is Permethrin or Deet Impregnated Clothing?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick bite prevention and tick removal

Due

Fox²,

Medlock

et al. 2013

BMJ

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Due research scientist 1 2 , Wendy Fox founder of Borreliosis and Associated Diseases Awareness UK 2 , Jolyon M Medlock head of medical entomology 3 , Maaike Pietzsch senior project scientist, medical entomology and zoonoses ecology 3 , James G Logan senior lecturer in medical entomology 1 2Ticks are small blood feeding ectoparasites with a global distribution. They are important vectors of disease pathogens including rickettsiae, spirochaetes, and viruses. Prevention of tick attachment and rapid removal reduce the risk of contracting tickborne diseases, and there are many recommendations on how to achieve this. This article aims to review the evidence base for tick bite prevention and tick removal strategies.

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Section: How Effective Is Permethrin or Deet Impregnated Clothing?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick bite prevention and tick removal

Due

Fox²,

Medlock

et al. 2013

BMJ

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show abstract

“…Starting from an initial permethrin concentration in the fabric of 1250 mg/m 2 as proposed by the WHO, 8 adequate protective activity of respective battle dresses against ticks was proved even after long-term use or up to 100 wash cycles, which resulted in a decrease of the permethrin content to 280 mg/m 2 . [9][10][11] Referring to these findings, protective clothing for forestry workers has been developed by different producers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomonitoring and evaluation of permethrin uptake in forestry workers using permethrin-treated tick-proof pants

Roßbach

Kegel

Süß

et al. 2015

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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We conducted a randomized case-control trial to analyze uptake of the insecticide/arcaricide permethrin in wearers of permethrin-impregnated and non-impregnated pants in German forestry. Eighty-two male workers were each equipped for a 16-week period with permethrin-treated (test group) or with non-treated work pants (control group). Pants with or without lining to protect against cuts, obtained from two different distributors, were worn in each group. Urinary permethrin metabolite levels were measured by GC-MS/MS before, during and after wearing of the pants. Permethrin uptake was calculated using additional questionnaire data. In the control group, metabolite levels in the range of environmental background exposure (median: ~0.5 μg/l) were measured. Subjects wearing impregnated pants showed consistently significantly higher exposure levels even before the first use of the pants with a maximum after 1 week of wearing the pants (median: ~12.5 μg/l). Significant differences in internal exposure were found depending on which of the distributors the pants came from. Metabolite levels decreased probably due to permethrin losses associated with laundering the pants. Calculated permethrin uptake is below the value corresponding to the WHO-proposed acceptable daily intake. Based on our data, a marginally increased cancer risk compared with the general population cannot be excluded when wearing impregnated pants over a working-lifetime period.

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“…Impregnated clothes are the only effective way to protect people and troops against daybiting mosquitoes such as the vectors of dengue and chikungunya (Pennetier et al 2010). The military uniforms are usually impregnated with permethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, which along with skin repellents is found to be effective in preventing insect bites (Deparis et al 2004;Faulde and Uedelhoven 2006). The use of repellents for clothing impregnation is recommended by the World Health Organization (Rozendaal 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of permethrin-impregnated military uniforms for contact toxicity against mosquitoes and persistence in repeated washings

Gopalakrishnan

Chaurasia

Baruah

et al. 2013

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The loss of permethrin from impregnated uniforms due to repeated washings was studied by chromatographic estimation of the residues. The mean (± SE mean ) percentage losses of permethrin after one to five washings were 16.7 ± 2.3, 22.5 ± 3, 29.6 ± 2.9, 40.2 ± 2 and 52.2 ± 2.4, respectively. The reduction in contact toxicity against mosquitoes after each washing was studied by World Health Organization tube and cone bioassays against Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. The median knockdown time for 5-min exposure to the treated uniforms increased from 5.9 to 71.8 min after five washings. Mosquito mortality 24 h post-exposure in cone bioassays was \80 % after the fifth washing, indicating the loss of efficacy. The uniforms need to be retreated after five washings so as to ensure adequate protection against disease vectors. The washing water should be properly disposed off to prevent environmental contamination and toxicity to aquatic organisms. Methods for treatment of military uniforms, which ensure high resistance to washing, need to be adopted so as to avoid frequent re-impregnations with permethrin.

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A new clothing impregnation method for personal protection against ticks and biting insects

Cited by 69 publications

References 7 publications

Tick bite prevention and tick removal

Tick bite prevention and tick removal

Biomonitoring and evaluation of permethrin uptake in forestry workers using permethrin-treated tick-proof pants

Evaluation of permethrin-impregnated military uniforms for contact toxicity against mosquitoes and persistence in repeated washings

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