A New Approach to the Online Estimation of the Loss of Generation Size in Power Systems

Wide-Area Measurement System-Based Optimal Multi-Stage Under-Frequency Load-Shedding in Interconnected Smart Power Systems Using Evolutionary Computing Techniques

“…Table 3 shows the frequency settings and obtained values for load-shedding. Firstly, we investigate the proposed objective function given in (12). Two different cases (C 1 & C 2 ) are considered in which these cases are different in terms of the pre-set minimum frequency at which a specific load to be shed is shown in Table 3.…”

“…Based on dynamic behavior of the system's frequency and swing equation, the actual active power imbalance can be determined, and consequently appropriate actions can be taken. An improved technique based on the swing equation to estimate the magnitude of generation loss was recently proposed in [12]. The authors accounted for the inertia variations both before and soon after the disturbance to improve estimation accuracy.…”

Stochastic frequency constrained unit commitment incorporating virtual inertial response from variable speed wind turbines

“…According to Newton's second law of motion, if there is an imbalance between the mechanical's prime mover power of the i th SG, (MW), and its load electromagnetic power, (MW), the SG's rotor mechanical angular speed , can be calculated by the following swing differential equation [21, 22]: Note that in the above equation, the power term ( S s ,i ) is in volts–ampere and watts units while the SG speed is in per unit. Additionally, parameter M s ,i is the mechanical time constant of the i th SG in seconds (equal to 2 H s ,i , where H s ,i is the inertia constant of the SG).…”

Wide-Area Identification of the Size and Location of Loss of Generation Events by Sparse PMUs

“…To overcome the slowness of the conventional UFLS scheme, a number of adaptive methods have been proposed so far. The knowledge of the aggregate system inertia together with the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) helps to estimate the size of the LoG event based on the center-ofinertia (CoI) concept [5][6][7][8]. The underlying assumptions of the swing equation model and using RoCoF measurements have been scrutinized in [6].…”