A New Approach to the Hazard Classification of Alloys Based on Transformation/Dissolution

Skeaff, J.M.; Hardy, D. A.; King, Pierrette

doi:10.1897/ieam_2007-050

Cited by 9 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Slightly lower amounts (although of low significance) with prolonged exposure time periods can be due to the fact that released metals can precipitate from solution and redeposit on the surface. For example, Fe precipitates, depending on solution composition, to Fe(OH) 3 or other complexes (Keddam 1995;Skeaff et al 2008). In vitro studies in synthetic freshwater fluids have previously displayed similar behavior with decreasing Fe concentrations with time from pure Fe particles and to a smaller extent from particles of stainless steel (AISI 304) (Skeaff et al 2008) and for the same FeCr alloy particles as used in this study (Ullmann 2009).…”

Section: Total Amounts Of Released Iron and Chromiumsupporting

confidence: 60%

Bioaccessibility studies of ferro‐chromium alloy particles for a simulated inhalation scenario: A comparative study with the pure metals and stainless steel

Midander

Frutos

Hedberg

et al. 2009

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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The European product safety legislation, REACH, requires that companies that manufacture, import, or use chemicals demonstrate safe use and high level of protection of their products placed on the market from a human health and environmental perspective. This process involves detailed assessment of potential hazards for various toxicity endpoints induced by the use of chemicals with a minimum use of animal testing. Such an assessment requires thorough understanding of relevant exposure scenarios including material characteristics and intrinsic properties and how, for instance, physical and chemical properties change from the manufacturing phase, throughout use, to final disposal. Temporary or permanent adverse health effects induced by particles depend either on their shape or physical characteristics, and/or on chemical interactions with the particle surface upon human exposure. Potential adverse effects caused by the exposure of metal particles through the gastrointestinal system, the pulmonary system, or the skin, and their subsequent potential for particle dissolution and metal release in contact with biological media, show significant gaps of knowledge. In vitro bioaccessibility testing at conditions of relevance for different exposure scenarios, combined with the generation of a detailed understanding of intrinsic material properties and surface characteristics, are in this context a useful approach to address aspects of relevance for accurate risk and hazard assessment of chemicals, including metals and alloys and to avoid the use of in vivo testing. Alloys are essential engineering materials in all kinds of applications in society, but their potential adverse effects on human health and the environment are very seldom assessed. Alloys are treated in REACH as mixtures of their constituent elements, an approach highly inappropriate because intrinsic properties of alloys generally are totally different compared with their pure metal components. A large research effort was therefore conducted to generate quantitative bioaccessibility data for particles of ferro-chromium alloys compared with particles of the pure metals and stainless steel exposed at in vitro conditions in synthetic biological media of relevance for particle inhalation and ingestion. All results are presented combining bioaccessibility data with aspects of particle characteristics, surface composition, and barrier properties of surface oxides. Iron and chromium were the main elements released from ferro-chromium alloys upon exposure in synthetic biological media. Both elements revealed time-dependent release processes. One week exposures resulted in very small released particle fractions being less than 0.3% of the particle mass at acidic conditions and less than 0.001% in near pH-neutral media. The extent of Fe released from ferro-chromium alloy particles was significantly lower compared with particles of pure Fe, whereas Cr was released to a very low and similar extent as from particles of pure Cr and stainless steel. Low release rates are a...

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Section: Total Amounts Of Released Iron and Chromiumsupporting

confidence: 60%

Bioaccessibility studies of ferro‐chromium alloy particles for a simulated inhalation scenario: A comparative study with the pure metals and stainless steel

Midander

Frutos

Hedberg

et al. 2009

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The LCA, SETAC, and UNEP communities have often stressed the significance of the issue of metals and related impacts in LCIA (Jolliet et al, 2003b;Molander et al, 2004). In general, hazard classification for metals is a challenge as their inherent characteristics favour changing speciation, transformation and bioavailability within different environments, which again influence the severity of impacts exerted by these substances (Meister and Falck, 2008;OECD, 2008;Skeaff et al, 2008). In the specific field of LCIA, various impact assessment methodologies are available at present, but we believe that big differences exist in the way they address the human toxicity of metals, which should be taken in consideration when we analyse the results of an LCIA study.…”

Section: Background and Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of “metals” on human health: a comparison between nine different methodologies for Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

Pizzol

Christensen

Schmidt

et al. 2011

Journal of Cleaner Production

135

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“…Occupational workers and to a lesser extent the general public are exposed to alloy and metal mixtures in dust. Normally regulatory agencies attempt to define and regulate risk of mixtures relative to the sum of the individual components (U.S.EPA, 2000; Vyskocil et al, 2004) but metal alloys are a unique class of substances defined as “consisting of two or more elements so combined that they cannot be readily separated by mechanical means” (Skeaff et al, 2007; UNGHS, 2005). There are many alloys and each exhibits unique properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are many alloys and each exhibits unique properties. Studies highlighting intrinsic differences in the solubility of metals in various alloys (Flint, 1998; Herting et al, 2008b; Skeaff et al, 2007; Stopford et al, 2003) recognize the significance of their unique qualities. These studies indicate the importance of testing metal alloys separately from metal ores or minerals when classifying hazard.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioaccessibility of metals in alloys: Evaluation of three surrogate biofluids

Hillwalker

Anderson

2014

Environmental Pollution

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Bioaccessibility in vitro tests measure the solubility of materials in surrogate biofluids. However, the lack of uniform methods and the effects of variable test parameters on material solubility limit interpretation. One aim of this study was to measure and compare bioaccessibility of selected economically important alloys and metals in surrogate physiologically based biofluids representing oral, inhalation and dermal exposures. A second aim was to experimentally test different biofluid formulations and residence times in vitro. A third aim was evaluation of dissolution behavior of alloys with in vitro lung and dermal biofluid surrogates. This study evaluated the bioaccessibility of sixteen elements in six alloys and 3 elemental/metal powders. We found that the alloys/metals, the chemical properties of the surrogate fluid, and residence time all had major impacts on metal solubility. The large variability of bioaccessibility indicates the relevancy of assessing alloys as toxicologically distinct relative to individual metals.

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A New Approach to the Hazard Classification of Alloys Based on Transformation/Dissolution

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

Bioaccessibility studies of ferro‐chromium alloy particles for a simulated inhalation scenario: A comparative study with the pure metals and stainless steel

Bioaccessibility studies of ferro‐chromium alloy particles for a simulated inhalation scenario: A comparative study with the pure metals and stainless steel

Impacts of “metals” on human health: a comparison between nine different methodologies for Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

Bioaccessibility of metals in alloys: Evaluation of three surrogate biofluids

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