A new approach to measuring moral virtues: The Multi-Component Gratitude Measure

Morgan, Blaire; Gulliford, Liz; Kristjánsson, Kristján

doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.044

Cited by 101 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…88-89), it does seem possible to derive from those texts a general account of phronesis that emphasises its diverse functions. Moreover, it suggests the elicitation of a componential conception of phronesis and its background conditions, which would tally with a componential account of specific individual virtues as those have been most serviceably developed into psychological instruments (see e.g., Morgan, Gulliford, & Kristjánsson, 2017, on gratitude).…”

Section: What Is Aristotelian Phronesis?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phronesis and the Knowledge-Action Gap in Moral Psychology and Moral Education: A New Synthesis?

Darnell¹,

et al. 2019

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This article has two aims. First, to offer a critical review of the literatures on two well-known single-component solutions to the problem of a gap between moral knowledge and moral action: moral identity and moral emotions. Second, to take seriously the rising interest in Aristotle-inspired virtue ethics and character development within the social sciences: approaches that seem to assume that the development of phronesis (practical wisdom) bridges the gap in question. Since phronesis is a multicomponent construct, the latter part of this article offers an overview of what those different components would be, as a necessary precursor to operationalising them if the phronesis hypothesis were to be subjected to empirical scrutiny. The idea of a neo-Aristotelian multicomponent solution to the “gappiness problem” invites comparisons with another multicomponent candidate, the neo-Kohlbergian four-component model, with which it shares at least surface similarities. Some space is thus devoted to the proposed theoretical uniqueness of a phronesis-based multicomponent model vis-à-vis the neo-Kohlbergian one. Our main conclusion is that – weaknesses in its developmental psychological grounding notwithstanding – operationalising the phronesis model for the purposes of instrument design and empirical inquiry would be a feasible and potentially productive enterprise.

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Section: What Is Aristotelian Phronesis?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phronesis and the Knowledge-Action Gap in Moral Psychology and Moral Education: A New Synthesis?

Darnell¹,

et al. 2019

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“…The majority of previous studies on trait gratitude have focused on exploring gratitude as a unidimensional construct or investigating the within-person characteristics of gratitude such as its facets, elements, components, or forms (Hammer and Brenner 2019;Lin 2017;McCullough et al 2002;Morgan et al 2017;Watkins et al 2003). Despite the merits of those studies, they also have a serious limitation: they usually did not consider context-specific characteristics of trait gratitude.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

It does matter who we are grateful to: A latent profile analysis

Charzyńska

2019

Curr Psychol

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Scientific interest in trait gratitude has burgeoned in recent years. However, the majority of studies on this subject do not take into account that the level of gratitude may differ depending on the target. The primary aim of this study was to examine the heterogeneity of a sample of 765 young adults with respect to gratitude toward different interpersonal targets. Six targets of gratitude were considered: mother, father, grandparent(s), sibling(s), partner, and friend(s). Using latent profile analysis, five profiles of young adults with similar combinations of gratitude toward different people were identified: (1) primarily grateful to parents (35.4%), (2) primarily grateful to mother and partner (24.1%), (3) highly grateful to all measured targets (17.1%), (4) primarily grateful to partner and friend(s) (13%), and (5) not highly grateful to any measured target (10.4%). Latent profiles differed in terms of gender, well-being and coping strategies. The study suggests that considering different interpersonal targets of gratitude and using the person-oriented approach may considerably deepen the knowledge on trait gratitude and its relationship with other variables.

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“…For instance, Tesser et al (1968) proposed an influential model of the determinants (or cognitive antecedents) of gratitude: benefit to the beneficiary, cost to the benefactor, and intention of the benefactor. Gratitude also has desirable consequences for a "good life" (Watkins, 2014), such as increasing subjective well-being (Emmons and McCullough, 2003;Morgan et al, 2017), cultivating social relationship (Algoe et al, 2008;Algoe and Haidt, 2009;Algoe, 2012), and promoting reciprocal and cooperative behaviors (Bartlett and DeSteno, 2006;Tsang, 2006;Tangney et al, 2007;DeSteno et al, 2010;Yu et al, 2017;Tsang and Martin, 2018;Yost-Dubrow and Dunham, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decomposing Gratitude: Representation and Integration of Cognitive Antecedents of Gratitude in the Brain

Gao

Zhou

et al. 2018

J. Neurosci.

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Gratitude is a typical social-moral emotion that plays a crucial role in maintaining human cooperative interpersonal relationship. Although neural correlates of gratitude have been investigated, the neurocognitive processes that lead to gratitude, namely, the representation and integration of its cognitive antecedents, remain largely unknown. Here, we combined fMRI and a human social interactive task to investigate how benefactor's cost and beneficiary's benefit, two critical antecedents of gratitude, are encoded and integrated in beneficiary's brain, and how the neural processing of gratitude is converted to reciprocity. A coplayer decided whether to help a human participant (either male or female) avoid pain at his/her own monetary cost; the participants could transfer monetary points to the benefactor with the knowledge that the benefactor was unaware of this transfer. By independently manipulating monetary cost and the degree of pain reduction, we could identify the neural signatures of benefactor's cost and recipient's benefit and examine how they were integrated. Recipient's self-benefit was encoded in reward-sensitive regions (e.g., ventral striatum), whereas benefactor-cost was encoded in regions associated with mentalizing (e.g., temporoparietal junction). Gratitude was represented in perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC), the strength of which correlated with trait gratitude. Dynamic causal modeling showed that the neural signals representing benefactor-cost and self-benefit passed to pgACC via effective connectivities, suggesting an integrative role of pgACC in generating gratitude. Moreover, gyral ACC plays an intermediary role in converting gratitude representation into reciprocal behaviors. Our findings provide a neural mechanistic account of gratitude and its role in social-moral life. Gratitude plays an integral role in subjective well-being and harmonious interpersonal relationships. However, the neurocognitive processes through which various components and antecedents of gratitude are integrated remain largely unknown. We developed a new interpersonal paradigm to independently and parametrically manipulate two antecedents of gratitude in a helping context, namely, the benefit to beneficiary and the cost to benefactor, to examine their representation and integration in the beneficiary's brain using fMRI. We found the neural encoding of self-benefit and benefactor-cost in reward- and mentalizing-related brain areas, respectively. More importantly, by examining effective connectivity, we showed that these componential signals are passed to perigenual anterior cingulate cortex, which tracks trial-by-trial gratitude levels. Our study thus provides a neural mechanistic account of gratitude.

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A new approach to measuring moral virtues: The Multi-Component Gratitude Measure

Cited by 101 publications

References 38 publications

Phronesis and the Knowledge-Action Gap in Moral Psychology and Moral Education: A New Synthesis?

Phronesis and the Knowledge-Action Gap in Moral Psychology and Moral Education: A New Synthesis?

It does matter who we are grateful to: A latent profile analysis

Decomposing Gratitude: Representation and Integration of Cognitive Antecedents of Gratitude in the Brain

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