“…Excessive activation causes consumption of NAD + and ATP, resulting in cell dysfunction or necrosis. In addition, PARP is a caspase-independent apoptosis pathway through an apoptosis-inducing factor (12). Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 plays an important role in DNA repair, apoptosis, cell regulation, cell division, differentiation, transcriptional regulation and chromosome stabilization (13,14).…”