A New Approach for the Setting of Directional Overcurrent Relays by Incorporating Cascading Outages

Abstract

Directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) are the essential protective devices in distribution networks which are usually set without considering any contingencies. However, the current challenge in power systems is the existence of uncertainty and its unfavorable consequences. It sometimes appears that some elements simultaneously fail which makes other parts to be overloaded to the extent that it leads to cascading outages. Therefore, DOCRs may have mal-operation which ends in unwanted trips when there is no fault, or they may not operate in the case the fault is located within their reach point. In such cases, the coordination setting will need complex programming with many related non-linear inequality constraints. In this paper, a novel hybrid method is proposed based on multi-objective optimization including new objective functions by using the genetic algorithm (GA). Also, the cascading outages are considered in the presented method based on network data analysis. This approach is performed on distribution part of the IEEE 14-bus meshed system, and a real industrial radial feeder named TOSEE, located in Iran. The simulations have been implemented in MATLAB and PowerFactory-DIgSILENT software packages in different models, and the results are evaluated.

Optimal adaptive protection of smart grids using high‐set relays and smart selection of relay tripping characteristics considering different network configurations and operation modes

“…If the upper bound of the PCS is not considered, the DOCR might not operate against some short circuit faults. In (6) and (7), it has been explained how the specification limits of DOCRs and other system constraints should be considered in the proposed optimization problem [80, 81]. $$$$\begin{equation}PCS_{s,i}^{\min } \le PC{S}_{s,i} \le PCS_{s,i}^{\max }\end{equation}$$$$ $$$$\begin{equation}PCS_{s,i}^{\min } = Max\left\{ {1.2I_{s,i}^{Load,\max },PCS^{\min }} \right\}\end{equation}$$$$ $$$$\begin{equation}PCS_{s,i}^{\max } = Min\left\{ {I_{s,i}^{F,\min },PCS^{\max }} \right\}\end{equation}$$$$…”

Optimal Protection Scheme for Enhancing AC Microgrids Stability against Cascading Outages by Utilizing Events Scale Reduction Technique and Fuzzy Zero-Violation Clustering Algorithm

“…This issue causes the CSP and fault currents of the network to fluctuate, ultimately resulting in incorrect relay operation [5,6]. To prevent the violation (i.e., miscoordination) of DOCRs, the literature advocated incorporating contingencies such as line outages [32], DG outages [33,34], a single contingency for all presumed equipment [3], and an islanding mode [1][2][3] into the POSP.…”

“…Hence, a comprehensive literature review is provided in Table 1 to establish the existing knowledge and gaps for microgrid protection in terms of published year, dualsetting DOCR, double inverse characteristic of DOCR, and multiple setting groups (MSGs). [3] - [5] - [6] GA [7] - [9] IFOA [10] IMFOA [11] ICOA [12] ISOA [13] CSCTOA [14] GA [16] GA [17] GA/GWOA [18] PSO [19] HWOA [20] GA-LP/PSO-LP [21] GA-LP [22] HSAOA-LP [23] HACOA [24] HGBO [25] HGBO [26] HOBL-FOCTOA [27] IPA [28] FA-Target Remedy [29] GA-Fuzzy Logic [30] GA-PSO-DE [31] FA-LP [32] HGA-LP -stands for no data.…”