“…TIs are highly vulnerable when facing the influence of natural disasters and man-made attacks (Liao et al, 2018). In recent years, various natural hazards and manmade factors such as hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, and terrorist attacks occurred all over the world, exerting extremely negative impacts on the performance of TIs (Ghosn et al, 2016;Fiorillo and Ghosn, 2018;Twumasi-Boakye and Sobanjo, 2018), leading to the disruption or failure of TIs (Bocchini et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2020b;Alipour and Shafei, 2016), and hindering the development of societies and communities (Yang et al, 2019). For instance, The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China caused more than 15,000 landslides, killing more than 20,000 people, blocking or destroying highways and bridges, and cutting off many cities and towns (Tang et al, 2011;Argyroudis et al, 2020).…”