A new and rapid method for the determination of nicarbazin residues in poultry feed, eggs and muscle tissue using supercritical fluid extraction and high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract

A simple and rapid method, using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with off-line high-performance liquid chromatography for the isolation and determination of nicarbazin, a popular broad-spectrum coccidiostatic drug used principally in poultry, is described. Results show good repeatability with a minimum quantification level of 0.4 microgram g-1 and mean 'spiked' recoveries of 98%, 100% and 99% using poultry feeds (n = 18), eggs (n = 28) and chicken tissue (n = 20), respectively. SFE using carbon dioxide is proposed as an alternative isolation method to the current Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) procedure which involves the use of large volumes of a harmful solvent (dimethylformamide) and requires a long tedious separation and clean-up regime (6 h) prior to its determination.

Efficient and sensitive detection of residues of nine coccidiostats in egg and muscle by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

“…Several analytical approaches have been used to determine one or more anticoccidial drugs in different biological matrixes: colorimetry [2,3], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV [4,5], fluorescence detection [6,7], and immunoassays [8]. In addition, a number of authors have described the use of LC coupled to mass spectrometry to determine nicarbazin [10,[12][13][14], diclazuril [12,19], halofuginone [12], robenidine [12], and polyether ionophores [9,11,13,[15][16][17][18].…”

Liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric determination of five coccidiostats in poultry eggs and feed

“…Other techniques used were LC with UV detection [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47], gas-liquid chromatography [48] and capillary isotachophoresis combined with capillary zone electrophoresis [49]. Most papers describing a method for the detection of nicarbazin in different matrices, use LC with UV detection [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64]. Also papers describing LC-MS [4,5,59,[65][66][67][68][69], electrochemical methods [70,71] and pulse polarographic methods [70,72,73] are available.…”

Screening for the coccidiostats halofuginone and nicarbazin in egg and chicken muscle: development of an ELISA

“…Nicarbazin, a mixture of 4,6-dimethyl-2-hydroxypyrimidine (DHP) and 4,4 0 -dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) in 1:1 molar ratio, acts by interfering with mitochondrial metabolism and is classified as an oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler (Matabudul et al 2002) (Figure 2). The DHP moiety is excreted rapidly following drug withdrawal, but DNC is less rapidly eliminated.…”