A neurophysiological perspective on sleep and its maturation

Dan, Bernard; Boyd, Stewart

doi:10.1017/s0012162206001654

Cited by 38 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Sleep has been associated with explicit learning processes (21). REM sleep is characterized by psychophysiological properties that allow for optimum cognitive flexibility compared to brain states while awake, including increased prefrontal lobe function, decreased aminergic dominance, and increased weak associative memory networks (22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep architecture and behavioral abnormalities in children and adolescents

Reeves

Blaisdell

Lapidus

et al. 2010

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health

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Objective-wa to investigate the association between sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and parent report of attention and behavioral problems in children, as well as the association between sleep stage duration and measures of child functioning in a clinically referred sample.Methods-A chart review was conducted of 95 children with clinical history of SDB who completed an overnight polysomnography study in a pediatric sleep laboratory. Child functioning was assessed at the time of the sleep study by parent report on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The apnea hypopnea index was used as a measure of SDB severity.Results-The apnea hypopnea index was associated with externalizing behavior, but not attention problems on the CBCL. In children 2-3 years old, stage 4 sleep duration was associated with externalizing behavior. In children 4-16 years old, REM sleep duration was associated with externalizing behavior.Conclusions-Children with increased SDB severity may be at greater risk for behavioral problems. Differences between the association of sleep stages and externalizing behavior in toddlers compared with older children suggests possible developmental differences in the association between sleep and behavior.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep architecture and behavioral abnormalities in children and adolescents

Reeves

Blaisdell

Lapidus

et al. 2010

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health

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“…The behavioral states, 1F and 2F, have been equated functionally to fetal non-REM sleep and REM-sleep, respectively [14], [16], and both Type III and IV eye movements have also been reported to be associated with REM sleep [3], [6]. Although occurring as early as at 22 and 29 GW, Type III and IV eye movements may represent maturation of the complex neuronal interactions within the pontine reticular formation in which REM-sleep is generated by that gestational age [17]. Our results are also consistent with findings in premature infants showing that REM and non-REM sleep can be distinguished by at least 10 GW [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal Eye Movements on Magnetic Resonance Imaging

et al. 2013

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ObjectivesEye movements are the physical expression of upper fetal brainstem function. Our aim was to identify and differentiate specific types of fetal eye movement patterns using dynamic MRI sequences. Their occurrence as well as the presence of conjugated eyeball motion and consistently parallel eyeball position was systematically analyzed.MethodsDynamic SSFP sequences were acquired in 72 singleton fetuses (17–40 GW, three age groups [17–23 GW, 24–32 GW, 33–40 GW]). Fetal eye movements were evaluated according to a modified classification originally published by Birnholz (1981): Type 0: no eye movements; Type I: single transient deviations; Type Ia: fast deviation, slower reposition; Type Ib: fast deviation, fast reposition; Type II: single prolonged eye movements; Type III: complex sequences; and Type IV: nystagmoid.ResultsIn 95.8% of fetuses, the evaluation of eye movements was possible using MRI, with a mean acquisition time of 70 seconds. Due to head motion, 4.2% of the fetuses and 20.1% of all dynamic SSFP sequences were excluded.Eye movements were observed in 45 fetuses (65.2%). Significant differences between the age groups were found for Type I (p = 0.03), Type Ia (p = 0.031), and Type IV eye movements (p = 0.033). Consistently parallel bulbs were found in 27.3–45%.ConclusionsIn human fetuses, different eye movement patterns can be identified and described by MRI in utero. In addition to the originally classified eye movement patterns, a novel subtype has been observed, which apparently characterizes an important step in fetal brainstem development. We evaluated, for the first time, eyeball position in fetuses. Ultimately, the assessment of fetal eye movements by MRI yields the potential to identify early signs of brainstem dysfunction, as encountered in brain malformations such as Chiari II or molar tooth malformations.

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“…19 Subsequently, the length of sleep cycles increases, reaching the mature length of approximately 90 minutes during adolescence. 20 The typical EEG features of sleep evolve over the course of infancy, 21 with sleep spindles first appearing at 3 to 8 weeks post-term, K complexes at about 5 months, vertex sharp waves recognizable by 16 months, and true SWS emerging by 2 to 9 months post-term. 19…”

Section: Sleep Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep architecture and homeostasis in children with epilepsy: a neurodevelopmental perspective

Chan¹

2019

Develop Med Child Neuro

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Although the influence of sleep on epilepsy has long been recognized, this relationship has yet to be fully exploited to benefit patients. The past decade has seen significant advances in understanding paediatric sleep, providing a framework by which to properly evaluate the sleep of children with epilepsy, which itself has been subject to increasing scrutiny. The role of sleep in learning and the potential for interictal discharges to disrupt sleep‐related memory consolidation provide a novel perspective for understanding the association of childhood epilepsy with a high rate of intellectual disability. In this review, I outline the evolution of sleep duration, architecture, and homeostasis across childhood, relating this to the development of cognitive functions. I describe how these may be disrupted or preserved in children with epilepsy; in particular, collating data from polysomnography. Finally, I explore how sleep may, in the future, be modulated to improve cognitive outcome in these patients. What this paper adds Children with epilepsy have less rapid eye movement sleep than controls, but this improves with seizure cessation. Deep or slow‐wave sleep is highly conserved in children with epilepsy. Sleep homeostasis may be disrupted either at a local or global level by the presence of interictal epileptiform discharges.

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A neurophysiological perspective on sleep and its maturation

Cited by 38 publications

References 84 publications

Sleep architecture and behavioral abnormalities in children and adolescents

Sleep architecture and behavioral abnormalities in children and adolescents

Fetal Eye Movements on Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Sleep architecture and homeostasis in children with epilepsy: a neurodevelopmental perspective

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