A neurophysiological comparison of alpha-chloralose with gamma-hydroxybutyrate in cats

Winters, Wendell D.; Spooner, Charles E.

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(66)90144-1

Cited by 62 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In addition, these au thors found the NADH cycles to lag behind the blood volume changes by 1-2 s, a result similar to our observations of cyt aa3 redox behavior and sup portive of the concept that all elements of the intra mitochondrial electron transport chain should dem onstrate similar changes in redox state under con ditions of adequate substrate and O2 supply. Although Dora and Kovach's spontaneous "type c" oscillations of the cortical NADH redox state and blood volume (1981) (see above) may well rep resent the same physiological phenomenon de scribed in the present study of cyt aa3' a direct comparison between their results and ours is lim ited for several reasons: (a) Their animals were acutely prepared and anesthetized with glucochlor alose, a substance that may exert stimulatory ef fects on cortical metabolism, as suggested by inter ictal-type epileptiform EEG activity (Winters and Spooner, 1966); our animals, on the other hand, were studied in the unanesthetized state during spontaneous behavioral state transitions. (b) Their "type c" oscillations were found to subside as the anesthesia wore off, and could be reinduced by ad ditional doses of glucochloralose.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Whereas near-infrared transmission spectropho tometry of cortical cyt aa3 has been applied to un anesthetized animals and humans (Piantadosi and Jobsis-Vander Vliet, 1984;Brazy et aI., 1985;Jobsis-Vander Vliet, 1985), reflectance spectropho tometry in the visible light spectrum (Mitnick and Jobsis, 1976;Rosenthal et aI., 1976;Jobsis et aI., 1977;Piantadosi and Jobsis-Vander Vliet, 1984) and NADH fluorometry (Chance et aI., 1962;Rosenthal and Jobsis, 1971;Vern et aI., 1981;Dora, 1984), methods with greater spatial resolution, have been mostly utilized in anesthetized preparations. While changes in the redox state of cortical cyt aa3 and NADH are usually similar following cortical activa tion (Rosenthal and J obsis, 1971;J obsis et aI., 1977;Vern et aI., 1979;LaManna et aI., 1981;Piantadosi and Jobsis-Vander Vliet, 1984), some reported dis crepancies (Dora, 1984;Dora et aI., 1984) suggest that experimental conditions, especially the use and selection of anesthesia, may influence the obtained results, e.g., pentobarbital (Rosenthal and La Manna, 1975;Marcus et aI., 1976) versus chlo ralose (Winters and Spooner, 1966;Dora et aI., 1984). In this study, attention was focused on changes in the cortical cyt aa3 redox state and blood volume during waking, slow-wave sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Low-Frequency Oscillations of Cortical Oxidative Metabolism in Waking and Sleep

Vern

Schuette

Leheta

et al. 1988

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Summary:To study the changes in cortical oxidative me tabolism and blood volume during behavioral state tran sitions, we employed reflectance spectrophotometry of the cortical cytochrome c oxidase (cyt aa3) redox state and blood volume in unanesthetized cats implanted with bilateral cortical windows and EEG electrodes. Contin uous oscillations in the redox state and blood volume (�9/min) were observed during waking and sleep. These primarily metabolic oscillations of relatively high ampli tude were usually synchronous in homotopic cortical areas, and persisted during barbiturate-induced electro cortical silence. Their mean amplitude and frequency did not vary across different behaviorallEEG states, although the mean levels of cyt aa3 oxidation and blood volume Determinations of cortical energy consumption and blood flow in studies of cerebrovascular physi ology and higher cortical functions have revealed important features of cortical behavior after depar tures from the resting steady state. For example, it is now clear that experimental cortical "activation" by electrical, pharmacologic, or behavioral stimuli is followed by increases in cortical metabolism and/ or blood flow (Rosenthal and J obsis, 1971; Dymond and Crandall, 1976; Vern et aI., 1979; LaManna et Received May 29. 1987; accepted October 19, 1987 Abbreviations used: cyt aa3' cytochrome c oxidase (cy tochrome aa3) ; cyt min and max, minimal and maximal excur sions of cyt aa3 redox state, respectively; EMG, electromyog raphy; EOG, electrooculography; 590 min and max, minimal and maximal excursions of 590-nm signals, respectively; PMT, pho tomultiplier tube; REM, rapid eye movement. 215during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep significantly ex ceeded those during waking and slow-wave sleep. These data suggest the existence of a spontaneously oscillating metabolic phenomenon in cortex that is not directly re lated to neuroelectric activity. A superimposed increase in cortical oxidative metabolism and blood volume occurs during REM sleep. Experimental data concerning cerebral metabolism and blood flow that are obtained by clinical methods that employ relatively long sample ac quisition times should therefore be interpreted with cau tion. Key Words: Cortical blood flow-Cortical oxidative metabolism-Cytochrome aa3-Metabolic oscillations -Rapid eye movement sleep-Reflectance spectropho tometry.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Frequency Oscillations of Cortical Oxidative Metabolism in Waking and Sleep

Vern

Schuette

Leheta

et al. 1988

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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“…The over-all literature on the central actions of chloralose involves 'a multitude of conflicting reports' (Winters & Spooner, 1966). This statement is certainly true for the recurrent Renshaw circuit, which Hultborn and collaborators found resistant to chloralose depression (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The measurement of single motor‐axon recurrent inhibitory post‐synaptic potentials in the cat.

Hamm

Shinji

Stuart

et al. 1987

The Journal of Physiology

115

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“…It does not bind to either the benzodiazepine or the barbiturate sites but potentiates the GABAinduced current by increasing the affinity for GABA (Garrett and Gan, 1998). A generalized inhibition can lead to synchronization of the cortex, a documented feature of this anesthetic (Winters and Spooner, 1966).Unlike isoflurane, α-chloralose produces an electroencephalogram characterized by intermittent high amplitude transients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alpha-chloralose is a suitable anesthetic for chronic focal cerebral ischemia studies in the rat: A comparative study

2008

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Abstractα-chloralose is widely used as an anesthetic in studies of the cerebrovasculature because it provides robust metabolic and hemodynamic responses to functional stimulation. However, there have been no controlled studies of focal ischemia in the rat under α-chloralose anesthesia. Artificially ventilated rats were prepared using 1.2−1.5 % isoflurane anesthesia for filament occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA), and anesthesia was either switched to α-chloralose (60 mg/kg bolus, 30 mg/ kg/hr; n=10) or was maintained on 1% isoflurane (n=10). Following temporary MCA occlusion EEG was monitored from a screw electrode and changes in cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measured with a laser Doppler probe placed over the ischemic cortex. This study shows that α-chloralose is a safe anesthetic for ischemia studies and provides excellent survival. Compared with isoflurane, the cortical and total infarct volumes are larger in the α-chloralose anesthetized animals, while the functional outcome at 72 hours is similar. The total duration of peri-infarct flow transients (PIFTs) is also significantly longer in α-chloralose anesthetized animals. The average amplitude of the flow transients showed a good correlation with the extent of edema in all animals as did the total duration of non-convulsive seizures (NCS) in the α-chloralose anesthetized animals.

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A neurophysiological comparison of alpha-chloralose with gamma-hydroxybutyrate in cats

Cited by 62 publications

References 14 publications

Low-Frequency Oscillations of Cortical Oxidative Metabolism in Waking and Sleep

Low-Frequency Oscillations of Cortical Oxidative Metabolism in Waking and Sleep

The measurement of single motor‐axon recurrent inhibitory post‐synaptic potentials in the cat.

Alpha-chloralose is a suitable anesthetic for chronic focal cerebral ischemia studies in the rat: A comparative study

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