A neurophysiological and clinical study of Brunnstrom recovery stages in the upper limb following stroke

Abstract

The Brunnstrom recovery stages are moderately correlated with neurophysiological measures and highly correlated with the MMAS regarding the evaluation of motor recovery in stroke patients. The Brunnstrom recovery stages can be used as a valid test for the assessment of patients with post-stroke hemiplegia.

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Median and Sciatic Nerves in Hemiplegic Patients After Stroke

“…The BMRS includes six stages, whereby stage 1 shows flaccid phase with no movement and stage 6 represents normal voluntary movements with no spasticity. 12 Motor Functional Independence Measure (motor FIM) was used for daily life activities. It consists of 4 subgroups (self-care, sphincter control, mobility, and locomotion) and 13 items.…”

“…It consists of 4 subgroups (self-care, sphincter control, mobility, and locomotion) and 13 items. 12,13 The Functional Ambulation Category (FAC) was used for ambulation level. 14 It is a 6-point Likert-type scale, ranging from Bunable to walk[ (FAC 0) to Bable to walk independently anywhere[ (FAC 5).…”

Ultrasonographic assessment of neuromuscular electrical stimulation efficacy on glenohumeral subluxation in patients with hemiplegia: a randomized-controlled study

“…Before and after treatment, the affected upper extremity functions were evaluated using the Brunnstrom Motor Recovery Stage (BMRS), which is a valid and reliable method for assessing motor functions consisting of six stages: (i) flaccid paralysis; (ii) involuntary movement and spasticity in synergy pattern; (iii) increased spasticity and voluntary control in synergy pattern; (iv) spasticity declines, voluntary movement without synergy pattern; (v) spasticity becomes small, more complex movements are observed; and (vi) spasticity disappears, normal movements are observed. [18,19] Shoulder functional status was measured using the Shoulder Disability Questionnaire (SDQ), which includes 16 questions describing common conditions which may induce symptoms in patients with shoulder disorders. [20] Each item is evaluated for the past 24 hours, and answer options are yes, no, or not applicable, and a final score range is between 0 (no disability) and 100 (all applicable items positive).…”

Principles of rehabilitation for common chronic neurologic diseases in the elderly

“…Recovery of movement is divided into several stages. 49 During the flaccid stage after acute onset, good positioning of the flaccid limbs is the key point of treatment. Maintaining joints ROM, muscle flexibility, prevention of joint contracture, and subluxation can be achieved through correct positioning.…”