A Neuroanatomical and Neuropharmacological Analysis of Basal Ganglia Output

Pycock, Christopher J.; Phillipson, O.T.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7178-0_4

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 463 publications

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“…This statement, based on functional results, becomes even more relevant if we consider the anatomical data related to the connectivity of each of these two structures. Whereas only the EP sends axons to the centromedian and parafascicular nuclei of the thalamus (for review see Parent and Hazrati, 1995a) and to the lateral habenula [especially in the rat (Herkenham and Nauta, 1977)], the SNr projects specifically to the superior colliculus (for review see Pycock and Phillipson, 1984;Parent and Hazrati, 1995a). It might thus be possible that a functional segregation of information of these different output pathways is differentially involved in the control of the reaction time performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for Functional Differences between Entopeduncular Nucleus and Substantia Nigra: Effects of APV (DL‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid) Microinfusion on Reaction Time Performance in the Rat

Baunez

Amalric

1996

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Overactivity of the excitatory amino acid outputs of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has recently been found to be one of the cascade of subsequent disruptions caused by nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease. The respective contribution of the excitatory glutamatergic output structures of the STN [i.e. the globus pallidus (GP), entopeduncular nucleus (EP) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr)] to the control of movement is not known, however. To investigate further the function of glutamatergic transmission through NMDA receptor subtypes in these three structures, the effects of discrete local infusion of a competitive receptor antagonist, DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), into the EP, GP and SNr were tested in rats performing a reaction time task. Bilateral infusion of APV into the different output structures of the STN differentially impaired the performance of rats trained to release a lever after the onset of a visual stimulus within a time limit to obtain a food reward. Infusion of APV (0.25 and 0.5 microgram/0.5 microliter) into the SNr was found to induce behavioural deficits characterized by a dramatic increase in the number of premature lever releases and decreased mean reaction time. In contrast, the infusion of APV at a dose of 0.25 microgram into the GP or EP was found to induce a motor initiation deficit characterized by an increased number of delayed responses (lever release after the time limit) and increased mean reaction time. At a dose of 0.5 microgram, a premature responding deficit was added to the previous motor impairment. Interestingly, when APV was infused simultaneously into the GP and SNr in the same animals, the behavioural effects tended to be similar to those observed after a single infusion into the SNr. Altogether, these results reveal that the different functional weight of the three main output pathways originating at the STN level is t.o. The behavioural deficits induced by NMDA receptor blockade in the SNr were similar to those observed previously after a neurotoxic lesion of the STN, suggesting that NMDA receptors in this structure play a major role as a functional output of the STN. Furthermore, regarding the differential effects produced by the same dose of APV in the SNr and the EP, these two structures, which are classically believed to be functionally linked should not be considered as the same functional entity in the organization of basal ganglia outflow.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for Functional Differences between Entopeduncular Nucleus and Substantia Nigra: Effects of APV (DL‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid) Microinfusion on Reaction Time Performance in the Rat

Baunez

Amalric

1996

Eur J of Neuroscience

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“…At the end of each experiment, the level of correct solutions of the task was calculated in per cents (see below). After achievement of a stable level of task solution, a stereotaxic [19] implantation of guide cannulae (0.7-0.8 mm) bilaterally into the head of the caudate nucleus (A = 30-31; L = 6.0-7.0; H from the brain surface was [21][22][23] and into the nucleus accumbens (A = 32-34; L = 2-3.0; H from the brain surface was 30-32) was carried out. The localization of the cannulae in the brain was controlled histologically.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…sources is varied [13]. They have a series both of common as well as independent outputs to motor centers [22]; this may underlie their definite autonomy [6,23]. There are also a number of differences in the sensory supply of these systems; this may also determine the specific characteristics of their functions.…”

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confidence: 99%

The features of the participation of the cholinergic mechanisms of the accumbens and caudate nuclei in the regulation of an instrumental defense reflex in dogs

Shapovalova

Pominova

1994

Neurosci Behav Physiol

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The influence of microinjections of carbacholine (0.1, 0.05, and 1.0 microgram) into the dorsal striatum (head of the caudate nucleus) and the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) on the motor components of the instrumental response and the criteria of execution of an instrumental task was studied in chronic experiments in eight dogs, based on a model of an instrumental defense reflex associated with the maintenance of a specific posture. The varied participation of the cholinoreactive structures of the caudate and accumbens nuclei in the regulation of the instrumental defense reflex was demonstrated in the dogs. Data were obtained indicating that the cholinoreactive system of the contralateral head of the caudate nucleus is structurally included in the regulation of the motor components of the instrumental response, of the main component of the reorganization of posture (the "disburdening" of the working extremity), and in the regulation of the tonic component of the voluntary movement and of its form. At the same time, the injection of carbacholine into the nucleus accumbens exerted, rather, a nonspecific activating influence on the motor systems. An improvement in attention to significant stimuli and the prolongation of the observed effects were also features of the activation of the cholinoreactive system of this nucleus. These changes took place in the case of both ipsi- and contralateral influences; this makes it possible to consider the inclusion mainly of sensory mechanisms in the realization of these influences.

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Effects of simultaneous dopamine- and glutamatergic stimulation of the n. accumbens on synaptic dopamine release in the striatum of free-ranging rats

Saul’skaya¹

1991

Neurophysiology

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A Neuroanatomical and Neuropharmacological Analysis of Basal Ganglia Output

Cited by 9 publications

References 463 publications

Evidence for Functional Differences between Entopeduncular Nucleus and Substantia Nigra: Effects of APV (DL‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid) Microinfusion on Reaction Time Performance in the Rat

Evidence for Functional Differences between Entopeduncular Nucleus and Substantia Nigra: Effects of APV (DL‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid) Microinfusion on Reaction Time Performance in the Rat

The features of the participation of the cholinergic mechanisms of the accumbens and caudate nuclei in the regulation of an instrumental defense reflex in dogs

Effects of simultaneous dopamine- and glutamatergic stimulation of the n. accumbens on synaptic dopamine release in the striatum of free-ranging rats

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