“…Neural network techniques have been used for a wide variety of microwave applications such as transmission line components [5], [8], vias [31], bends [32], coplanar waveguide (CPW) components [33], spiral inductors [7], field effect transistor (FET) devices [25], [34], heterojuction bipolar transistor (HBT) devices [35], high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) devices [36], [37], filters [38]- [41], amplifiers [42]- [45], mixers [46], antennas [47], embedded passives [4], [26], [27], packaging and interconnects [48], etc. Neural networks have also been used in circuit simulation and optimization [3], [25], [49], signal integrity analysis and optimization of very-large-scale-integration (VLSI) interconnects [48], [50], microstrip circuit design [51], process design [52], microwave impedance matching [53], inverse modeling [54], measurements [55], synthesis [25], [56] and behavioral modeling of nonlinear RF/microwave subsystems [57].…”