A Network View on Interbank Market Freezes

Abstract

Reproduction permitted only if source is stated.ISBN 978-3-95729-108-0 (Printversion) Non-technical summary Research QuestionThe insolvency of the US investment bank Lehman Brothers on 15 September 2008 prompted widespread fears of an interbank market freeze in the euroarea. The eurosystem acted swiftly by adopting a set of "emergency measures", including a change of the monetary policy framework from a variable-rate auction-based tender system to a fixed-rate full-allotment regime. Since interbank markets are over-the-counter markets, studying them requires transaction-level payment system data which only recently became available. In this paper, we use a novel and unique dataset of all transactions settled between all European banks to answer a number of policy relevant questions about the developments in the interbank market around the Lehman insolvency. Was there actually a market freeze? If so, was it driven by concerns about counterparty risk? Did banks hoard liquidity as a consequence? How did the structure of the interbank market change as a result of the Lehman insolvency? Does the network structure matter for banks' access to liquidity? And did the "emergency measures" adopted by the Eurosystem stabilize the interbank market? ContributionIn this paper we provide an analysis of a large exogenous shock to the euroarea interbank market. We study how the reallocation of liquidity in the interbank market was affected by the shock on two different levels. On the aggregate level we are the first to complement existing empirical studies of the overnight interbank market by simultaneously studying the dynamics in the term segment. This allows us to identify the market mechanism that caused the turmoil in the euroarea interbank market. By taking a network view we add a completely novel structural dimension to the empirial literature on market freezes. ResultsFirst, we show that only the term segments of the interbank market exhibited a substantial drop in turnover, reminiscent of a market freeze. Banks engage in what can best be described as maturity shortening, which leads to an increase of lending in the overnight segment. Second, we put the structural change of the interbank network structure due to the Lehman insolvency and the Eurosystem's "emergency measures" in the context of the novel literature studying the effectiveness of financial networks. We show that the Lehman insolvency leads to a shrinking of the interbank network that was exacerbated by the "emergency measures" of the eurosystem that replaced a sizeable part of the interbank market with the central bank's balance sheet. The resulting network structure is likely to be less efficient than the network structure before the Lehman insolvency. Finally, we show that there is substantial heterogeneity in banks' access to liquidity, depending on the bank's position within the interbank network. AbstractWe study the liquidity allocation among European banks around the Lehman insolvency using a novel dataset of all interbank loans settled via the Euros...

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