“…24, most of the reviewed studies utilized multiple sensors, with pH, temperature, and turbidity sensors being the most commonly used in combination with other types of sensors [32], [136], [137], [138]. For instance, Campagnaro et al [128] employed six different sensors, including temperature, pressure, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and EC sensors, while Kumar et al [135] utilized five different types of sensors, including temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and Eh potential sensors, to measure different water quality parameters. Other frequently used sensor combinations include dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and water level sensors [128], [139].…”