A neotype for Pontoscolex corethrurus (Müller, 1857) (Clitellata)

James, Samuel W.; Bartz, Marie Luise Carolina; Stanton, David W. G.; Conrado, Ana Caroline; Dupont, Lise; Taheri, Shabnam; Silva, Elodie da; Cunha, Luís; Brown, G. G.

doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4545.1.7

Cited by 858 publications

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“…corethrurus , as evidenced by the recent designation of the P . corethrurus neotype from an anthropogenic environment [18] and temperate climate [77], and by the ambiguity used for assigning its place of origin [12, 78].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the invasive tropical earthworms, the endogeic species Pontoscolex corethrurus was collected and described in crop fields in Blumenau, Brazil 160 years ago [17–18]; it has a broad distribution range and is the most studied tropical species [19–20]. Native species also move across a region in a similar way to invasive species, in addition to natural displacements [5, 7, 21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pontoscolex corethrurus: A homeless invasive tropical earthworm?

et al. 2019

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The presence of earthworm species in crop fields is as old as agriculture itself. The earthworms Pontoscolex corethrurus (invasive) and Balanteodrilus pearsei (native) are associated with the emergence of agriculture and sedentism in the region Amazon and Maya, respectively. Both species have shifted their preference from their natural habitat to the cropland niche. They contrast in terms of intensification of agricultural land use (anthropic impact to the symbiotic soil microbiome). P. corethrurus inhabits conventional agroecosystems, while B. pearsei thrives in traditional agroecosystems, i.e., P. corethrurus has not yet been recorded in soils where B. pearsei dwells. The demographic behavior of these two earthworm species was assessed in the laboratory over 100 days, according to their origin (OE; P. corethrurus and B. pearsei) food quality (FQ; soil only, maize stubble, Mucuna pruriens), and soil moisture (SM; 25, 33, 42%). The results showed that OE, FQ, SM, and the OE x FQ interaction were highly significant for the survival, growth, and reproduction of earthworms. P. corethrurus showed a lower survival rate (> mortality). P. corethrurus survivors fed a diet of low-to-intermediate nutritional quality (soil and stubble maize, respectively) showed a greater capacity to grow and reproduce; however, it was surpassed by the native earthworm when fed a high-quality diet (M. pruriens). Besides, P. corethrurus displayed a low cocoon hatching (emergence of juveniles). These results suggest that the presence of the invasive species was associated with a negative interaction with the soil microbiota where the native species dwells, and with the absence of natural mutualistic bacteria (gut, nephridia, and cocoons). These results are consistent with the absence of P. corethrurus in milpa and pasture-type agricultural niches managed by peasants (agroecologists) to grow food regularly through biological soil management. Results reported here suggest that P. corethrurus is an invasive species that is neither wild nor domesticated, that is, its eco-evolutionary phylogeny needs to be derived based on its symbionts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pontoscolex corethrurus: A homeless invasive tropical earthworm?

et al. 2019

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“…Invasive plant species are usually divided in two groups according to time of their residence time: archaeophytes brought in up to 1500 AD, and neophytes brought in after this date (Kowarik 1995). Pyšek et al (2005) The origin of P. corethrurus may be related to anthropogenic soil formation ("terras mulatas" and "terras pretas") and the domestication of manioc (bitter and sweet) and peach palm staple food that facilitated sedentary lifestyles in the Amazon region (Lodge 1993;Glaser et al 2000;Arroyo-Kalin 2010;Clement et al 2015;Watling et al 2018;Levis et al 2018), and has evolved to the point that we cannot recognize their wild predecessors, as evidenced by the recent designation of the P. corethrurus neotype from an anthropogenic environment (Müller 1857;James et al 2019), and by the ambiguity used for assigning its place of origin (Righi 1984;Dupont et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the invasive tropical earthworms, the endogeic species Pontoscolex corethrurus was collected and described in crop fields in Blumenau, Brazil 160 years ago (Müller 1857;James et al 2019); it has a broad distribution range and is the most studied tropical species (Fragoso 2018;Taheri et al 2018a). Native species also move across a region in a similar way to invasive species, in addition to natural displacements (Blakemore 2009;Nackley et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pontoscolex corethrurus:a Homeless Invasive Tropical Earthworm?

Ortíz-Ceballos

Ortíz-Gamino

Andrade‐Torres

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The presence of earthworm species in crop fields is as old as agriculture itself. The earthworms Pontoscolex corethrurus (invasive) and Balanteodrilus pearsei (native) are associated with the emergence of agriculture and sedentism in the region Amazon and Maya, respectively. Both species have shifted their preference from their natural habitat to the cropland niche; however, they contrast in terms of intensification of agricultural land use (anthropic impact to the symbiotic soil microbiome). P. corethrurus inhabits conventional agroecosystems (pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers are applied to soil), while B. pearsei thrives in traditional agroecosystems (biological management of soil); that is, P. corethrurus has not yet been recorded in soils where B. pearsei dwells. The demographic behavior of these two earthworm species was assessed in the laboratory over 100 days, according to their origin (OE; P. corethrurus and B.pearsei) food quality (FQ; soil only, maize stubble, and Mucuna pruriens), and soil moisture (SM; 25, 33, and 42%). The results showed that OE, FQ, SM, and the OE x FQ interaction were highly significant for the survival, growth, and reproduction of earthworms. P. corethrurus showed a lower survival rate (> mortality). P. corethrurus survivors fed a diet of low-tointermediate nutritional quality (soil and corn stalks, respectively) showed a greater capacity to grow and reproduce; however, it was surpassed by the native earthworm when fed a high-quality diet (M. pruriens). Besides, P. corethrurus displayed a low cocoon hatching (emergence of juveniles). These results suggest that the presence of the invasive species was associated with the absence of natural mutualistic bacteria (gut, nephridia, and cocoons), and with a negative interaction with the soil microbiota where the native species dwells. These results are consistent with the absence of P. corethrurus in milpa and pasture-type agricultural niches managed by peasants (agroecologists) to grow food regularly a biological management of soil. The results reported here and the published information jointly (e.g., designation of the neotype and 3 ambiguity of the place of origin) jointly suggest that P. corethrurus is an invasive species that is neither wild nor domesticated, that is, its eco-evolutionary phylogeny needs to be derived based on its symbionts.

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“…In the tropics, expert identification is required and undescribed species often constitute the majority of the species pool. Thus, species diversity, accurately estimated in the high latitudes, is most often undercounted at low latitudes, unless invasive species, identifiable from external features, occur: the nominal Pontoscolex corethrurus and various invasive Asian and African species [but see (15,16)]. Metaanalyses could assign a weight to species richness estimates in tropical areas linked to the expertise of the scientist in charge of identification (e.g., based on the number of new species described or the number of studies in the tropics) to avoid lowering data quality due to taxonomic difficulty bias.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comment on “Global distribution of earthworm diversity”

James

Csuzdi

Chang

et al. 2021

Science

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Phillips et al. (Reports, 25 October 2019, p. 480) incorrectly conclude that tropical earthworm communities are less diverse and abundant than temperate communities. This result is an artifact generated by some low-quality datasets, lower sampling intensity in the tropics, different patterns in richness-area relationships, the occurrence of invasive species in managed soils, and a focus on local rather than regional richness.

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A neotype for Pontoscolex corethrurus (Müller, 1857) (Clitellata)

Cited by 858 publications

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Pontoscolex corethrurus: A homeless invasive tropical earthworm?

Pontoscolex corethrurus: A homeless invasive tropical earthworm?

Pontoscolex corethrurus:a Homeless Invasive Tropical Earthworm?

Comment on “Global distribution of earthworm diversity”

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