A nematode expansin acting on plants

Qin, Ling; Kudla, U.; Roze, E.H.A.; Goverse, A.; Popeijus, Herman E.; Nieuwland, Jeroen; Overmars, H.A.; Jones, John T.; Schots, A.; Smant, G.; Bakker, J.; Helder, J.

doi:10.1038/427030a

Cited by 196 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…They are typically plant proteins, but a functional EXPN has been characterized in cyst nematodes (25). Candidate EXPNs are present as multigenic families in root-knot nematodes (7,26) and have also been found in other plant-associated nematodes (27,28).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple lateral gene transfers and duplications have promoted plant parasitism ability in nematodes

Danchin

Rosso

Vieira

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

301

285

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Lateral gene transfer from prokaryotes to animals is poorly understood, and the scarce documented examples generally concern genes of uncharacterized role in the receiver organism. In contrast, in plant-parasitic nematodes, several genes, usually not found in animals and similar to bacterial homologs, play essential roles for successful parasitism. Many of these encode plant cell wall-degrading enzymes that constitute an unprecedented arsenal in animals in terms of both abundance and diversity. Here we report that independent lateral gene transfers from different bacteria, followed by gene duplications and early gain of introns, have shaped this repertoire. We also show protein immunolocalization data that suggest additional roles for some of these cell wall-degrading enzymes in the late stages of these parasites' life cycle. Multiple functional acquisitions of exogenous genes that provide selective advantage were probably crucial for the emergence and proficiency of plant parasitism in nematodes.LGT) is the transmission of genes between organisms by mechanisms other than vertical inheritance from an ancestor to an offspring. Although largely documented as an important evolutionary mechanism in prokaryotes (1), LGT in animals that have a separate germline and whose genome is segregated in a nucleus is poorly explored. Although some examples have been described (2-4), most concern transfers from endosymbiotic bacteria, and none provide a clear link between the activity of the transferred gene products and the biology of the host species. Thus, arguments are lacking to support a selective advantage that would have driven fixation of transferred genes at the level of a population or species. By contrast, in plant-parasitic nematodes, a series of genes encoding plant cell wall-degrading or -modifying enzymes, which are usually absent from animals, exhibit similarity to bacteria and may thus originate from LGT. These genes are transcriptionally active, their products have been biochemically characterized, they are secreted in plant tissues, and their inactivation impairs parasitism efficiency (5). The most damaging nematodes to agriculture worldwide belong to the suborder Tylenchina in clade IV that comprises root-knot nematodes and cyst nematodes, the two most-studied lineages (SI Appendix, Fig. S1). These nematodes are able to penetrate and migrate into plant tissue and establish sophisticated parasitic interactions with their hosts. Invasion of the root tissues by nematodes requires degradation of the plant cell wall protective barrier, constituted mainly of cellulose and hemicelluloses as well as pectin and its branched decorations. The first plant cell wall-degrading enzymes from an animal were characterized in cyst nematodes in 1998 (6). Ten years later, analysis of the genome of Meloidogyne incognita, the first genome analysis for a plant-parasitic nematode, revealed that the repertoire of cell wall-degrading enzymes in a single species is diverse and abundant with more than 60 genes covering six different pro...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple lateral gene transfers and duplications have promoted plant parasitism ability in nematodes

Danchin

Rosso

Vieira

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

301

285

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“…Invertases catalyze the conversion of sucrose (an abundant disaccharide in plants) into glucose and fructose, which can be used by M. incognita as a carbon source. We also identified a total of 20 candidate expansins in M. incognita, which may disrupt noncovalent bonds in plant cell walls, making the components more accessible to plant cell wall-degrading enzymes 18 . This suite of plant cell wall-degrading CAZymes, expansins and associated invertases was probably acquired by horizontal gene transfer (HGT), as the most similar proteins (outside plant-parasitic nematodes) were bacterial homologs (Supplementary Table 12).…”

Section: Identifying Plant Parasitism Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome sequence of the metazoan plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita

et al. 2008

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Plant-parasitic nematodes are major agricultural pests worldwide and novel approaches to control them are sorely needed. We report the draft genome sequence of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, a biotrophic parasite of many crops, including tomato, cotton and coffee. Most of the assembled sequence of this asexually reproducing nematode, totaling 86 Mb, exists in pairs of homologous but divergent segments. This suggests that ancient allelic regions in M. incognita are evolving toward effective haploidy, permitting new mechanisms of adaptation. The number and diversity of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes in M. incognita is unprecedented in any animal for which a genome sequence is available, and may derive from multiple horizontal gene transfers from bacterial sources. Our results provide insights into the adaptations required by metazoans to successfully parasitize immunocompetent plants, and open the way for discovering new antiparasitic strategies.Plant-parasitic nematodes are responsible for global agricultural losses amounting to an estimated $157 billion annually. Although chemical nematicides are the most reliable means of controlling root-knot nematodes, they are increasingly being withdrawn owing to their toxicity to humans and the environment. Novel and specific targets are thus needed to develop new strategies against these pests.The Southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is able to infect the roots of almost all cultivated plants, making it perhaps the

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“…Changes in the expression of cell-wall-modifying proteins (CWMPs) such as endoglucanases, pectate lyases, and expansins are important in cyst nematode-plant interactions [35,36]. Plant CWMPs are activated after nematode infection, as shown in microarray analyses [11,35].…”

Section: Comparison Of Expression Profiles Between Scninfected and Unmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative profiling of the transcriptional response to soybean cyst nematode infection of soybean roots by deep sequencing

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2011

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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To gain insight into the changes in the transcriptome of soybean roots during soybean cyst nematode (SCN) infection, we conducted genome-wide gene expression profiling using serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) combined with Solexa sequencing. More than 3 million tags were generated from the SCN-infected and uninfected roots, and 366941 and 314591 clean UniTags were obtained from SCN-infected and uninfected samples, respectively. In the SCN-infected sample, 48249 UniTags represented 18114 reference genes. In the uninfected control, 46290 UniTags represented 19323 reference genes. Comparison of tag frequencies identified 1405 genes that were expressed at greater levels in SCN-infected roots than in uninfected roots, and 1191 genes that were expressed at lower levels. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses confirmed the changes in mRNA levels observed in our sequencing analyses. A comparable number of genes were up-and down-regulated in response to nematode infection, indicating that down-regulation of some genes might be essential in the plant response to nematodes. Our SAGE results showed significant changes in expression of many unreported genes involved in nematode infection. Approximately 7% of tags mapped to the antisense strand of genes, indicating widespread antisense transcription.Glycine max, soybean cyst nematode, gene expression profile, SAGE, Solexa sequencing Citation:Li X Y, Wang X, Zhang S P, et al. Comparative profiling of the transcriptional response to soybean cyst nematode infection of soybean roots by deep sequencing.

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A nematode expansin acting on plants

Cited by 196 publications

References 10 publications

Multiple lateral gene transfers and duplications have promoted plant parasitism ability in nematodes

Multiple lateral gene transfers and duplications have promoted plant parasitism ability in nematodes

Genome sequence of the metazoan plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita

Comparative profiling of the transcriptional response to soybean cyst nematode infection of soybean roots by deep sequencing

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