A need for better housing to further reduce indoor malaria transmission in areas with high bed net coverage

Lwetoijera, Dickson W.; Kiware, Samson; Mageni, Zawadi; Dongus, Stefan; Harris, Caroline; Devine, Gregor J.; Majambere, Silas

doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-57

Cited by 97 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…[35] Resistance to insecticides such as permethrin and deltamethrin was reported, [36] and have limited the ability of current measures to effectively prevent malaria. [37] Affordability remains a major impediment, with ITN cost noted as a major determinant of ownership and coverage, with 14.4% stating financial hardship as obstacle to ITN ownership.…”

Section: Vector Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Malaria Prevention in Cameroon Through Community Participation: An in-Depth Review

Mbako¹

2017

CAJPH

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Abstract:Despite 66 percent reduction in mortality between 2000 and 2015, malaria remains a major global public health problem, affecting mostly Sub-Saharan Africa. Cameroon remains endemic to malaria, with about 41 percent suffering at least one episode of malaria, annual overall mortality of 30 to 35 percent and 67 percent childhood mortality. Cameroon government's subsidy on artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) for uncomplicated malaria, intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women (IPTp), free distribution of insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs) to pregnant women and under-fives have been more of a top-down approach, with the affected communities mainly at the receiving end. Challenges of failed adherence to test results, drug and insecticide resistance, substandard and self-medication, low ITN ownership and utilisation have been identified, especially in the rural areas. This study reviews malaria prevention in Cameroon and proposes community based context-specific complementary interventions strategies that will promote community participation in prevention and mitigate the effects of poverty towards achievement of the sustainable development goals targets for malaria. The study involved an in-depth review of secondary data from electronic and non-electronic documents. Electronic search was done in Global Health, PubMed, governmental and non-governmental organisation websites, journals and google scholar. Non-electronic documents from the University of Leeds and World Health Organisation (WHO), Geneva libraries were also used. A conceptual framework on integrated community-based approach on intervention to prevent neglected tropical diseases and infectious diseases of poverty was adapted and used, while different intervention strategies were analysed. A total of 96 publications were eligible for inclusion. Analysis of the factors influencing malaria prevention in Cameroon, reveals that current measures alone are insufficient. Therefore, a combination of multiple delivery strategies using an integrated community-based approach is likely to be more effective in breaking the transmission cycle than single programme interventions. Concurrent implementation of community mobilisation through social groups and Village Development Committees, education on house screening, training of mothers and caregivers and health promotion through environmental management were recommended as the best and most feasible strategies to complement current interventions in Cameroon.

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Section: Vector Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Malaria Prevention in Cameroon Through Community Participation: An in-Depth Review

Mbako¹

2017

CAJPH

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“…An increase in the presence of household openings, such as windows and open eaves, has been associated with increases in mosquito entry into the home and parasite prevalence. [4][5][6][7] Poor-quality household construction materials have also been associated with increased mosquito entry, malaria incidence, and parasite prevalence. 4,5,[8][9][10][11] Several studies classify housing structures into quality groupings according to the composition of the construction materials have found poor house quality to be associated with greater presence of mosquitoes in the home and higher malaria incidence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4][5][6][7] Poor-quality household construction materials have also been associated with increased mosquito entry, malaria incidence, and parasite prevalence. 4,5,[8][9][10][11] Several studies classify housing structures into quality groupings according to the composition of the construction materials have found poor house quality to be associated with greater presence of mosquitoes in the home and higher malaria incidence. 12,13 We recently completed a randomized control trial of malaria chemoprevention in a cohort of 600 children from different households followed from 6 months to 2 years of age in a rural area of Uganda where malaria is highly endemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In studies from the Gambia, South Africa, Tanzania, and Bangladesh, homes with mud walls were associated with a higher vector density and increased risk of clinical malaria compared with homes with walls made of other materials including cement or concrete. 4,5,8,9 Homes with roofs made of earthen materials, such as mud, grass, or "thatch," were associated with an increased malaria prevalence and incidence of malaria compared with homes with roofs made of iron sheets in studies from Burkina Faso and Ethiopia. 7,10 Several studies classified housing structures into quality groupings according to the composition of the construction materials and found poorer house quality to be associated with greater presence of mosquitoes in the home or a higher incidence of malaria.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Poor Housing Construction Associated with Increased Malaria Incidence in a Cohort of Young Ugandan Children

Snyman¹,

Mwangwa²,

Bigira³

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Despite the use of accepted interventions to combat malaria, such as insecticide-treated bed nets and artemisinin-based combination therapy, malaria remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Uganda. We investigated associations between household factors and malaria incidence in a cohort of children living in a highly endemic region of Uganda. Living in a modern house, defined as the use of non-earth floors, non-thatched roofs, and non-mud walls, was associated with approximately half malaria incidence compared with living in a traditional home (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.54, P = 0.001). Other factors found to be associated with a lower incidence of malaria included living in town versus rural setting; sleeping in a room with openings to the outside (windows, eaves, and airbricks); and having an older and more educated primary caregiver. This study adds to the growing body of evidence that improved house construction may be associated with a lower risk of malaria.

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“…Improvement in housing has been shown to enhance the efficacy of LLINs and could be useful in post-conflict settings. 18 The observations made in Southern Sudan and South Sudan over the last decade demonstrate that a phased and fragmented scale-up of LLIN distribution may be both arduous and a poor approach to universal coverage, at least in a post-conflict setting. The scale-up of LLIN distributions in similar settings will need to be carefully considered and adapted to the local context.…”

Section: Lessons Learnt and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scale-up of a programme for malaria vector control using long-lasting insecticide-treated nets: lessons from South Sudan

Chanda

Remijo²,

Pasquale³

et al. 2013

Bull. World Health Organ.

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A need for better housing to further reduce indoor malaria transmission in areas with high bed net coverage

Cited by 97 publications

References 44 publications

Enhancing Malaria Prevention in Cameroon Through Community Participation: An in-Depth Review

Enhancing Malaria Prevention in Cameroon Through Community Participation: An in-Depth Review

Poor Housing Construction Associated with Increased Malaria Incidence in a Cohort of Young Ugandan Children

Scale-up of a programme for malaria vector control using long-lasting insecticide-treated nets: lessons from South Sudan

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