A nearly diffraction limited surface emitting conjugated polymer laser utilizing a two-dimensional photonic band structure

Riechel, S.; Kallinger, C.; Lemmer, Uli; Feldmann, Jochen; Gombert, Andreas; Wittwer, V.; Scherf, Ullrich

doi:10.1063/1.1310207

Cited by 198 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…For pump energies well above 100 nJ, the transverse laser mode became significantly more divergent, taking a ''cross'' profile similar to that observed in previous two-dimensional DFB polymer lasers. 14,22 The arms of the cross were oriented along the 0°a nd 90°azimuths, with a large half angle divergence of ϳ400 mrad ͑ϳ7°͒ at a pump energy ϳ1 J. Each of the two arms was linearly polarized along its high-divergence axis.…”

Section: Lasing Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various materials have been studied, including conjugated polymers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] and small semiconducting molecules doped with laser dyes. 18 -25 Such materials can exhibit strong optical gain over broad spectral ranges throughout the visible, and so are well suited for use in tuneable lasers 9,11,22 or broadband amplifiers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,5 Of various resonator geometries considered, distributed feedback ͑DFB͒ structures are among the most promising for the low-threshold operation required for electrical excitation. 4,5 A number of DFB lasers have been demonstrated in organic semiconductors, employing single gratings, 6 -13,19-21 crossed double gratings, 14,22 circular gratings, 15,16 and photonic crystal structures. [23][24][25] Through active control of the photonic modes it should be possible to control lasing properties such as threshold and output coupling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photonic mode dispersion of a two-dimensional distributed feedback polymer laser

et al. 2003

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We present an analysis of the photonic mode dispersion of a two-dimensional ͑2D͒ distributed feedback polymer laser based on the conjugated polymer poly͓2-methoxy-5-(2Ј-ethylhexyloxy͒-1,4-phenylene vinylene͔. We use a combination of a simple model, together with experimental measurements of the photonic mode dispersion in transmission and emission, to explain the operating characteristics of the laser. The laser was found to oscillate at 636 nm on one edge of a photonic stop band in the photonic dispersion. A 2D coupling of modes traveling perpendicular to the orthogonal gratings was found to lead to a low divergence laser emission normal to the waveguide. At pump energies well above the oscillation threshold for this mode, a divergent, cross-shaped far-field emission was observed, resulting from a distributed feedback occurring over a wide range of wave vectors in one band of the photonic dispersion.

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Section: Lasing Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photonic mode dispersion of a two-dimensional distributed feedback polymer laser

et al. 2003

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“…To generate the hierarchy of equations that reflect the different scales involved in the problem, we insert expansion equations (18), (19), and (20) into motion equations (5), (14), and (15), respectively, expand the time and the space derivatives according to Eqs. (16) and (17), and collect terms with equal powers of .…”

Section: B Multiscale Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 More generally, lasing is assisted by distributed feedback (DFB) in photonic crystals in all directions. For instance, low-threshold laser action at photonic stop gaps as a result of DFB gain enhancement was demonstrated for one-dimensional 13,14 (1-D) and two-dimensional [15][16][17][18][19] (2-D) DFB structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semiclassical theory of lasing in photonic crystals

2002

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We present a theoretical analysis of laser action within the bands of propagating modes of a photonic crystal. Using Bloch functions as carrier waves in conjunction with a multiscale analysis, we derive the generalized Maxwell-Bloch equations for an incoherently pumped atomic system in interaction with the electromagnetic reservoir of a photonic crystal. These general Maxwell-Bloch equations are similar to the conventional semiclassical laser equations but contain effective parameters that depend on the band structure of the linear photonic crystal. Through an investigation of steady-state laser behavior, we show that, near a photonic band edge, the rate of stimulated emission may be enhanced and the internal losses are reduced, which leads to an important lowering of the laser threshold. In addition, we find an increase of the laser output along with an additional narrowing of the linewidth at a photonic band edge.

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Fluorescent and Electroactive Cyclic Assemblies from Perylene Tetracarboxylic Acid Bisimide Ligands and Metal Phosphane Triflates

Würthner¹,

Sautter²,

Schmid³

et al. 2001

Chem. Eur. J.

140

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Tetraaryloxy-substituted perylene tetracarboxylic acid bisimides with one or two 4-pyridyl receptor substituents at the imide functionality were synthesized and employed in transition metal directed self-assembly with Pd(II) and Pt(II) phosphane triflates. Upon mixing of the components, quantitative formation of functional molecular square-type complexes containing four dye molecules and model complexes of a 2:1 (perylene bisimide ligand:transition metal ion) stoichiometry was observed. The isolated metallosupramolecular squares were characterized by 1H and 31P [1H] NMR spectroscopy as well as conventional electrospray ionization (ESI) and ESI-FTICR mass spectrometry, which gave evidence for the structure and the high stability of these giant cyclic dye assemblies (molecular weight (3a) 8172, Pt-Pt corner diagonal ca. 3.4 nm). Studies of the optical absorption and fluorescence properties and the electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry of both the perylene bisimide ligands and the perylene bisimide metal complexes show that Pt(II) coordination does not interfere with the optical and electrochemical properties of the perylene bisimide ligands; this gives squares with high fluorescence quantum yields (phiF (3a)=0.88) and three fully reversible redox couples. The latter could be unambiguously related to quantitative formation of perylene bisimide radical cations (E1/2 = +0.93 V vs. Fc/Fc+), radical anions (E1/2= - 1.01 V vs. Fc/Fc+), and dianions (E1/2 = -1.14 V vs. Fc/Fc+); these redox reactions change the charge state of the cyclic assembly from +12 to zero. In contrast, Pd(II) coordination influenced the electrochemical properties of the assembly because of an irreversible palladium reduction at E1/2= -1.15 V versus Fc/Fc+. Finally, dynamic ligand exchange processes between different metallosupramolecular assemblies were investigated by multinuclear NMR and electrospray mass spectrometry. These studies confirmed the reversible nature of the pyridine-Pt(II)/Pd(II) coordination process.

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A nearly diffraction limited surface emitting conjugated polymer laser utilizing a two-dimensional photonic band structure

Cited by 198 publications

References 15 publications

Photonic mode dispersion of a two-dimensional distributed feedback polymer laser

Photonic mode dispersion of a two-dimensional distributed feedback polymer laser

Semiclassical theory of lasing in photonic crystals

Fluorescent and Electroactive Cyclic Assemblies from Perylene Tetracarboxylic Acid Bisimide Ligands and Metal Phosphane Triflates

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