A natural variant of a host RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is associated with increased susceptibility to viruses by
            <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i>

Yang, Shu-Jun; Carter, Shelly A.; Cole, Anthony B.; Cheng, Ninghui; Nelson, Richard S.

doi:10.1073/pnas.0304346101

Cited by 308 publications

(310 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…These studies support early findings that plant lines compromised for the function of either RDR1 or RDR6 exhibit increased susceptibility to some of the RNA viruses examined (Mourrain et al, 2000;Xie et al, 2001;Yang et al, 2004;Qu et al, 2005;Schwach et al, 2005;Donaire et al, 2008). In this study, we investigated the biogenesis pathway of the viral secondary siRNAs following identification of a cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) mutant that was targeted for silencing predominantly by the RDR6-dependent viral secondary siRNA pathway.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 54%

The 21-Nucleotide, but Not 22-Nucleotide, Viral Secondary Small Interfering RNAs Direct Potent Antiviral Defense by Two Cooperative Argonautes inArabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2011

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Arabidopsis thaliana defense against distinct positive-strand RNA viruses requires production of virus-derived secondary small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by multiple RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. However, little is known about the biogenesis pathway and effector mechanism of viral secondary siRNAs. Here, we describe a mutant of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-D2b) that is silenced predominantly by the RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE6 (RDR6)-dependent viral secondary siRNA pathway. We show that production of the viral secondary siRNAs targeting CMV-D2b requires SUP-PRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING3 and DICER-LIKE4 (DCL4) in addition to RDR6. Examination of 25 single, double, and triple mutants impaired in nine ARGONAUTE (AGO) genes combined with coimmunoprecipitation and deep sequencing identifies an essential function for AGO1 and AGO2 in defense against CMV-D2b, which act downstream the biogenesis of viral secondary siRNAs in a nonredundant and cooperative manner. Our findings also illustrate that dicing of the viral RNA precursors of primary and secondary siRNA is insufficient to confer virus resistance. Notably, although DCL2 is able to produce abundant viral secondary siRNAs in the absence of DCL4, the resultant 22-nucleotide viral siRNAs alone do not guide efficient silencing of CMV-D2b. Possible mechanisms for the observed qualitative difference in RNA silencing between 21-and 22-nucleotide secondary siRNAs are discussed.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 54%

The 21-Nucleotide, but Not 22-Nucleotide, Viral Secondary Small Interfering RNAs Direct Potent Antiviral Defense by Two Cooperative Argonautes inArabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2011

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“…Cross-protection by Fny-CMVD2b also works against wild-type Fny-CMV in N. benthamiana plants Due in part to defects in its RNA silencing system and the properties of its plasmodesmata the plant N. benthamiana is exceptionally susceptible to a wide range of wild-type viruses as well as mutants that spread poorly in other hosts (Christie & Crawford, 1978;Howard et al, 2004;Murphy et al, 2004;Yang et al, 2004). We were curious to see if this highly susceptible host plant is protected by Fny-CMVD2b against challenge with Fny-CMV.…”

Section: Fny-cmvd2b Protects Against a Challenge Infection With Wild-mentioning

confidence: 99%

A cucumber mosaic virus mutant lacking the 2b counter-defence protein gene provides protection against wild-type strains

Ziebell

Payne

Berry

et al. 2007

Journal of General Virology

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Several plant virus mutants, in which genes encoding silencing suppressor proteins have been deleted, are known to induce systemic or localized RNA silencing against themselves and other RNA molecules containing homologous sequences. Thus, it is thought that many cases of cross-protection, in which infection with a mild or asymptomatic virus mutant protects plants against challenge infection with closely related virulent viruses, can be explained by RNA silencing. We found that a cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) mutant of the subgroup IA strain Fny (Fny-CMVD2b), which cannot express the 2b silencing suppressor protein, cross-protects tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Nicotiana benthamiana plants against disease induction by wild-type Fny-CMV. However, protection is most effective only if inoculation with Fny-CMVD2b and challenge inoculation with wild-type CMV occurs on the same leaf. Unexpectedly, FnyCMVD2b also protected plants against infection with TC-CMV, a subgroup II strain that is not closely related to Fny-CMV. Additionally, in situ hybridization revealed that Fny-CMVD2b and Fny-CMV can co-exist in the same tissues but these tissues contain zones of Fny-CMVD2b-infected host cells from which Fny-CMV appears to be excluded. Taken together, it appears unlikely that cross-protection by Fny-CMVD2b occurs by induction of systemic RNA silencing against itself and homologous RNA sequences in wild-type CMV. It is more likely that protection occurs through either induction of very highly localized RNA silencing, or by competition between strains for host cells or resources. INTRODUCTIONCucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is the type species of the genus Cucumovirus of the family Bromoviridae (Van Regenmortel et al., 2000). Based on serological relationships and sequence criteria, the species is divided into three distinct subgroups: IA, IB and II (Roossinck et al., 1999). CMV has the largest host range of any known plant virus and is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by aphids belonging to over 80 species. Taken together, these factors probably contribute to the worldwide distribution of the virus and its economic importance (Palukaitis et al., 1992;Palukaitis & García-Arenal, 2003). The CMV genome consists of three positive-sense RNA molecules. These are RNAs 1, 2 and 3, which also function as mRNAs for the synthesis of the 1a and 2a replicase proteins, and the 3a movement protein, respectively. During replication, subgenomic mRNAs encoding additional proteins are synthesized. The subgenomic RNA 4, derived from RNA 3, is the mRNA for CMV coat protein (CP) and RNA 4A, which is derived from RNA 2, is the mRNA for the multifunctional 2b protein (Ding et al., 1994). Direct control of CMV or prevention of its transmission by aphids by using insecticides is difficult to achieve. One promising approach for controlling CMV is the use of pathogen-derived transgenes in genetically modified plants (Palukaitis & Zaitlin, 1997;Gaba et al., 2004). Pathogenderived resistance to CMV and other viruses works either through the triggering of...

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“…Systemic RNAi and amplification of small RNAs has been shown in plants and Caenorhabditis elegans [113,124,131]. In D. melanogaster it has been shown that systemic spread of the RNAi response is essential for an efficient antiviral response and components of the dsRNA uptake machinery have been identified [60,98].…”

Section: Mirnasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiviral responses of arthropod vectors: an update on recent advances

et al. 2014

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Arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges and sand flies, transmit many viruses that can cause outbreaks of disease in humans and animals around the world. Arthropod vector species are invading new areas due to globalisation and environmental changes, and contact between exotic animal species, humans and arthropod vectors is increasing, bringing with it the regular emergence of new arboviruses. For future strategies to control arbovirus transmission, it is important to improve our understanding of virus-vector interactions. In the last decade knowledge of arthropod antiviral immunity has increased rapidly. RNAi has been proposed as the most important antiviral response in mosquitoes and it is likely to be the most important antiviral response in all arthropods. However, other newly-discovered antiviral strategies such as melanisation and the link between RNAi and the JAK/STAT pathway via the cytokine Vago have been characterised in the last few years. This review aims to summarise the most important and most recent advances made in arthropod antiviral immunity.

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A natural variant of a host RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is associated with increased susceptibility to viruses by Nicotiana benthamiana

Cited by 308 publications

References 45 publications

The 21-Nucleotide, but Not 22-Nucleotide, Viral Secondary Small Interfering RNAs Direct Potent Antiviral Defense by Two Cooperative Argonautes inArabidopsis thaliana

The 21-Nucleotide, but Not 22-Nucleotide, Viral Secondary Small Interfering RNAs Direct Potent Antiviral Defense by Two Cooperative Argonautes inArabidopsis thaliana

A cucumber mosaic virus mutant lacking the 2b counter-defence protein gene provides protection against wild-type strains

Antiviral responses of arthropod vectors: an update on recent advances

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