“…Expectancy is defined as one's subjective likelihood that an outcome can be achieved through the exertion of effort towards performance. Previous empirical investigations invoking this theory have focused on several outcomes including organizational behavior (e.g., Candela et al, 2015;Judge & Illies, 2002;Kanfer & Ackerman, 1989;Scholl, 1981), leadership (e.g., Chan & Drasgow, 2001;Fry, 2003;Isaac, Zerbe, & Pitt, 2001), compensation (e.g., Igalens & Roussel, 1999;Liccione, 2007;Williams & Karau, 1991), and intent to stay in the academic organization (Candela, Gutierrez, and Keating, 2013;Candela et al, 2015). A meta-analysis conducted by Van Eerde and Thierry (1996) found that research using Vroom's Expectancy Theory was the strongest for outcomes related to intention and preference.…”