A Nanotechnology-Based Approach to Biosensor Application in Current Diabetes Management Practices

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is linked to both short-term and long-term health problems. Therefore, its detection at a very basic stage is of utmost importance. Research institutes and medical organizations are increasingly using cost-effective biosensors to monitor human biological processes and provide precise health diagnoses. Biosensors aid in accurate diabetes diagnosis and monitoring for efficient treatment and management. Recent attention to nanotechnology in the fast-evolving area of biosensing has facilitated the advancement of new sensors and sensing processes and improved the performance and sensitivity of current biosensors. Nanotechnology biosensors detect disease and track therapy response. Clinically efficient biosensors are user-friendly, efficient, cheap, and scalable in nanomaterial-based production processes and thus can transform diabetes outcomes. This article is more focused on biosensors and their substantial medical applications. The highlights of the article consist of the different types of biosensing units, the role of biosensors in diabetes, the evolution of glucose sensors, and printed biosensors and biosensing systems. Later on, we were engrossed in the glucose sensors based on biofluids, employing minimally invasive, invasive, and noninvasive technologies to find out the impact of nanotechnology on the biosensors to produce a novel device as a nano-biosensor. In this approach, this article documents major advances in nanotechnology-based biosensors for medical applications, as well as the hurdles they must overcome in clinical practice.

Advancements in nanomaterials for nanosensors: a comprehensive review

“…Further, the exploration into carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the detection of glucose in urine has been noteworthy. The strategic employment of CNTs dissolved in an aqueous solution of the biopolymer chitosan (CS) has enabled precise glucose measurements in urine, devoid of any interference, with a detection threshold reaching as low as 3 M. 216 T. Patil et al 217 highlighted the distinctive physicochemical characteristics of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), noting their potential in various biological contexts. Various synthesis techniques, including biologically based ones, can produce AuNPs.…”

“…10 Diagnosis of glucose level in urine and blood with the help of modern biosensor tools. 214,216 measure physical quantities and convert them into detectable and analyzable signals. With the unique properties associated with NMs, such as their large surface area and surface reactivity, nanotechnology allows for realizing previously impossible technologies with bulk materials.…”

Commercial roadmap of nanobiosensor development

“…Some of the biosensors described may never be commercialized. For a nation's instrumentation business to remain competitive in international markets, biosensor development is essential (Chadha et al, 2022;Geballa-Koukoula et al, 2023;Shoaib et al, 2023). In addition to the overall technical improvement of conventional sensors, many new fields focused on novel sensing methods and materials have emerged.…”

Recent Progress in Micro- and Nanotechnology-Enabled Sensors for Biomedical and Environmental Challenges

“…For other applications, various nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and metal nanoparticles, have been integrated into electrochemical sensors to enhance their performance, such as sensitivity, selectivity, and stability [ 24 , 84 , 85 ].…”