A Nanoplastic Sampling and Enrichment Approach by Continuous Flow Centrifugation

Hildebrandt, Lars; Mitrano, Denise M.; Zimmermann, Tristan; Pröfrock, Daniel

doi:10.3389/fenvs.2020.00089

Cited by 39 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…On the other hand, fragmentation creates smaller particles, which are generally believed – albeit argued – to be more harmful, if they re‐enter the purified solution in the presence of e. g. surfactants. Furthermore, the aim of the extraction may also be to create a solution with a higher concentration of PNPs from complex environmental samples, which can be analyzed in terms of size distribution, and occurrence . Obviously, in case of such an application, the disintegration of the particles to individual chains or their aggregation into larger species is disadvantageous.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the aim of the extraction may also be to create a solution with a higher concentration of PNPs from complex environmental samples, which can be analyzed in terms of size distribution, and occurrence. [43] Obviously, in case of such an application, the disintegration of the particles to individual chains or their aggregation into larger species is disadvantageous. Furthermore, dissolution of the PNP may release compounds that are adsorbed on or absorbed in it, [77] including drugs, pesticides, plastic additives, which can also pose certain health and environmental risks.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[41] For the isolation of these particles from such matrices exploiting the properties of plastics that make them different from their matrix is required. Recently, methods using electrosorption [42] and centrifugation emerged, [43] which can have applications in purification and analysis in the future. However, up to now there is no general procedure to remove MPs and PNPs, which prompts the need for the development of novel techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ionic Liquids as Extractants for Nanoplastics

2020

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Plastic waste in the ocean and on land in the form of nanoplastics is endangering food and drinking water supplies, raising the need for new strategies for the removal of plastic nanoparticles from complex media. In the present contribution we suggest considering ionic liquids as extractants, since they show several advantageous properties that may facilitate the design of efficient separation processes. Through varying the anion and the side chain at the cation, the interactions between the extractant and the polymer can be strengthened and tuned, and thereby the disintegration of the particle into separate polymer chains can be controlled. Oxidized moieties can also be efficiently solvated, given the amphiphilic nature of the considered ionic liquids, allowing also realistic particles to be extracted into these solvents. The phase transfer was found to be thermodynamically and kinetically possible, which is supported by the complicated structure of the ionic liquid-water interface through the rearrangement of the interfacial ions, and the formation of a micelle around the plastic already at the edge of the aqueous phase.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ionic Liquids as Extractants for Nanoplastics

2020

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“…However, visual isolation of individual nanoplastics is virtually unfeasible due to their small nature. It is possible to classify nanoplastics based on their sizes through various techniques such as ultrafiltration [ [94] , [95] , [96] ], ultracentrifugation [ 97 ], and field flow fraction [ 94 ], however the methodologies are still lacking for the isolation of specific nanoplastics from the environmental samples [ 7 , 98 , 99 ]. Since nanoplastics are mostly carbon-based materials they require a complete identification of particle composition in terms of the polymer type and molecular structure instead of an elemental analysis to obtain complete profile of the environmental sample.…”

Section: Sources Of Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organ-on-a-chip platforms for evaluation of environmental nanoparticle toxicity

Radišić

2021

Bioactive Materials

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Despite showing a great promise in the field of nanomedicine, nanoparticles have gained a significant attention from regulatory agencies regarding their possible adverse health effects upon environmental exposure. Whether those nanoparticles are generated through intentional or unintentional means, the constant exposure to nanomaterials can inevitably lead to unintended consequences based on epidemiological data, yet the current understanding of nanotoxicity is insufficient relative to the rate of their emission in the environment and the lack of predictive platforms that mimic the human physiology. This calls for a development of more physiologically relevant models, which permit the comprehensive and systematic examination of toxic properties of nanoparticles. With the advancement in microfabrication techniques, scientists have shifted their focus on the development of an engineered system that acts as an intermediate between a well-plate system and animal models, known as organ-on-a-chips. The ability of organ-on-a-chip models to recapitulate in vivo like microenvironment and responses offers a new avenue for nanotoxicological research. In this review, we aim to provide overview of assessing potential risks of nanoparticle exposure using organ-on-a-chip systems and their potential to delineate biological mechanisms of epidemiological findings.

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“…To overcome resulting selectivity differences, it is advisable to put future studies focusing on the role of MP as a vector for metal contaminants either on the basis of a complete microwave-assisted acid digestion (MWAD) protocol [ 43 ] or the application of techniques such as laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for direct surface analysis (in this case a polymer-type-specific matrix matched calibration strategy would be also required for accurate trace metal quantification).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A metrologically traceable protocol for the quantification of trace metals in different types of microplastic

Hildebrandt

Zimmermann³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

Self Cite

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The presence of microplastic (MP) particles in aquatic environments raised concern about possible enrichment of organic and inorganic pollutants due to their specific surface and chemical properties. In particular the role of metals within this context is still poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop a fully validated acid digestion protocol for metal analysis in different polymers, which is a prerequisite to study such interactions. The proposed digestion protocol was validated using six different certified reference materials in the microplastic size range consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polyvinyl chloride. As ICP-MS/MS enabled time-efficient, sensitive and robust analysis of 56 metals in one measurement, the method was suitable to provide mass fractions for a multitude of other elements beside the certified ones (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn and Zn). Three different microwaves, different acid mixtures as well as different temperatures in combination with different hold times were tested for optimization purposes. With the exception of Cr in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, recovery rates obtained using the optimized protocol for all six certified reference materials fell within a range from 95.9% ± 2.7% to 112% ± 7%. Subsequent optimization further enhanced both precision and recoveries ranging from 103% ± 5% to 107 ± 4% (U; k = 2 (n = 3)) for all certified metals (incl. Cr) in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. The results clearly show the analytical challenges that come along with metal analysis in chemically resistant plastics. Addressing specific analysis tools for different sorption scenarios and processes as well as the underlying kinetics was beyond this study's scope. However, the future application of the two recommended thoroughly validated total acid digestion protocols as a first step in the direction of harmonization of metal analysis in/on MP will enhance the significance and comparability of the generated data. It will contribute to a better understanding of the role of MP as vector for trace metals in the environment.

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A Nanoplastic Sampling and Enrichment Approach by Continuous Flow Centrifugation

Cited by 39 publications

References 73 publications

Ionic Liquids as Extractants for Nanoplastics

Ionic Liquids as Extractants for Nanoplastics

Organ-on-a-chip platforms for evaluation of environmental nanoparticle toxicity

A metrologically traceable protocol for the quantification of trace metals in different types of microplastic

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