A Nanopipette Supported Oil/Water Interface Sensor for the Kinetics Analysis and Determination of Phenothiazine Derivatives

Microliquid/Liquid Interfacial Sensors: Biomimetic Investigation of Transmembrane Mechanisms and Real-Time Determinations of Clemastine, Cyproheptadine, Epinastine, Cetirizine, and Desloratadine

“…The half-wave potentials could be obtained according to eq and the formal ion-transfer potentials (Δ org aq φ′ drug ) for the five antihistamine ions could be obtained by the following equation Δ org aq φ ′ drug − Δ org aq φ ′ ISD = Δ org aq φ 1 / 2 , drug − Δ org aq φ 1 / 2 , ISD where Δ org aq φ 1/2,drug is the half-wave potential of drug ion transfer obtained from the experiment and Δ org aq φ′ drug is the formal ion-transfer potential of the drug ion. Δ org aq φ′ ISD is the formal ion-transfer potential of TEA + or TMA + , which is 0.019 or 0.16 V, respectively. , The Δ org aq φ′ drug values of CLE + , CYP + , EPI + , DSL 2+ , and CET 2+ were obtained as 0.163, 0.013, −0.012, 0.211, and 0.019, respectively, which have been presented in Table .…”

“…Δ org aq φ′ ISD is the formal ion-transfer potential of TEA + or TMA + , which is 0.019 or 0.16 V, respectively. 28,38 The Δ org aq φ′ drug values of CLE + , CYP + , EPI + , DSL 2+ , and CET 2+ were obtained as 0.163, 0.013, −0.012, 0.211, and 0.019, respectively, which have been presented in Table 1.…”

“…It can effectively evaluate the hydrophilicity of drug ions and provide a reference role for the dosage of the drug and the rapidity of the drug effect. The partition coefficient P A is defined as follows , P normalA P TEA + = exp [ − z normalA F false( Δ org aq φ 1 / 2 , normalA − Δ org aq φ 1 / 2 , TEA + false) italicRT ] where Δ org aq φ 1/2,A is the half-wave potential of drug ions extrapolated from the peak potentials of Figure , R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature. The P A values for all drugs are listed in Table , which shows the partition coefficient values in the order DSL 2+ < CLE + < CYP + < CET 2+ < EPI + , indicating that DSL 2+ is the most hydrophilic and EPI + is the most lipophilic.…”

“…The study of ion-transfer reactions of biomolecules is also considered as a biomimetic analysis . Currently, ion-transfer processes on ITIES have been used to study various types of ions and to construct ion-selective sensing platforms, , such as proteins, , DNA, neurotransmitters, , food additives, and drug ions. − Regarding drug ions, in addition to the construction of sensing platforms, the ion-transfer process on ITIES can also be used to characterize the lipophilicity and interfacial partitioning behavior of drug molecules in ionized and neutral forms. , The half-wave potentials of drug ion transfer at ITIES are directly related to the lipophilicity and biological and pharmacological activities of the drugs, providing information about the ion transmembrane transport behavior, toxicity, and interactions with other biomolecules. ,, The IPDs constructed by the interfacial transfer of drug molecules with different charges at different pH values can not only predict the transfer mechanism of ionizable drugs across biological membranes but also provide useful information related to pharmacokinetics, thus contributing to drug design and synthesis. , …”

Interface between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions Electrodes for Chemical Analysis

“…An interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) is a unique electrode, capable of detecting a wide range of electroactive chemical species regardless of their classification as redox-active or redox-inactive. − ITIES electrodes have become more prevalent in analytical science due to their sensitivity beyond redox-active analytes and their ease of fabrication down to the nanoscale, , allowing for high spatial resolution which enables single-entity and nanostructure studies. − Electrochemistry at the ITIES has enabled researchers to probe fundamental mechanistic processes ,,− and a wide range of applications, including catalysis, − cellular studies, − ,,,,− heavy metal detection, − pharmacological studies, ,− …”