A mysterious term hippocampus involved in learning and memory

Turgut, Yaşar Barış; Turğut, Mehmet

doi:10.1007/s00381-011-1513-y

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…[ 56 57 ] It is a crucial part of the limbic system, which plays a pivotal role in memory formation, emotional, adaptive, and reproductive behaviors[ 56 57 ] and also is particularly important in forming new memories and connecting emotions and senses, such as smell and sound, to memories. [ 58 59 ] The hippocampus acts as a memory indicator by sending memories out to the appropriate part of the cerebral hemisphere for long-term storage and retrieving them when necessary. [ 58 59 60 ]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 58 59 ] The hippocampus acts as a memory indicator by sending memories out to the appropriate part of the cerebral hemisphere for long-term storage and retrieving them when necessary. [ 58 59 60 ]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dentate gyrus has three layers such as (1) the granular layer containing the densely packed cell bodies of the granule-cells, (2) the molecular layer formed by the intertwining apical dendrites of the granule-cells and their afferents, and (3) the polymorph layer in the hilus of the dentate gyrus containing the initial segments of the granule-cell axons as they gather to form the glutamergic mossy fiber bundle. [ 57 59 ] Hippocampus proper as an archeocortical structure has been divided into several layers as follows: (1) The alveus; containing the axons of the pyramidal cells, (2) the stratum oriens, a layer between the alveus and the pyramidal cell bodies which contains the basal dendrites of the pyramidal cells, (3) the stratum pyramidal, (4) the stratum radiatum, and (5) the stratum lacunosum/molecular, which are the proximal and distal segments of the apical dendritic tree, respectively. In the CA3 field, an additional layer is recognized in the stratum lucidum, interposed between the pyramidal cell bodies and the stratum radiatum, receiving the mossy-fibers input from the dentate granule-cells.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…New memory formation and consolidation process of events by hippocampus depend on the integrity of hippocampus internal circuits. [ 58 59 ]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of diabetes mellitus on apoptosis in hippocampus: Cellular and molecular aspects

et al. 2016

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Background:Diabetes mellitus is associated with cognitive deficits in humans and animals. These deficits are paralleled by neurophysiological and structural changes in brain. In diabetic animals, impairments of spatial learning, memory, and cognition occur in association with distinct changes in hippocampus, a key brain area for many forms of learning and memory and are particularly sensitive to changes in glucose homeostasis. However, the multifactorial pathogenesis of diabetic encephalopathy is not yet completely understood. Apoptosis plays a crucial role in diabetes-induce neuronal loss in hippocampus.Methods:The effects of diabetes on hippocampus and cognitive/behavioral dysfunctions in experimental models of diabetes are reviewed, with a focus on the negative impact on increased neuronal apoptosis and related cellular and molecular mechanisms.Results:Of all articles that were assessed, most of the experimental studies clearly showed that diabetes causes neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus through multiple mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inhibition of caspases, disturbance in expression of apoptosis regulator genes, as well as deficits in mitochondrial function. The balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signaling may determine the neuronal apoptotic outcome in vitro and in vivo models of experimental diabetes.Conclusions:Dissecting out the mechanisms responsible for diabetes-related changes in the hippocampal cell apoptosis helps improve treatment of impaired cognitive and memory functions in diabetic individuals.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…New memory formation and consolidation process of events by hippocampus depend on the integrity of hippocampus internal circuits. [ 58 59 ]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of diabetes mellitus on apoptosis in hippocampus: Cellular and molecular aspects

et al. 2016

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Function and Molecular Design of the Synapse

Proskura

Zapara

2018

Advances in Neural Computation, Machine Learning, and Cognitive Research II

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Expression of apoptosis-regulatory genes in the hippocampus of rat neonates born to mothers with diabetes

et al. 2017

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Diabetes during pregnancy impairs the development of the central nervous system (CNS) and causes cognitive and behavioral abnormalities in offspring. However, the exact mechanism by which the maternal diabetes affects the development of the brain remains to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of maternal diabetes in pregnancy on the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax genes and the numerical density of degenerating dark neurons (DNs) in the hippocampus of offspring at the first postnatal two weeks. Wistar female rats were maintained diabetic from a week before pregnancy through parturition and male offspring was sacrificed at P0, P7, and P14. Our findings demonstrated a significant down-regulation in the hippocampal expression of Bcl-2 in the diabetic group newborns (P < 0.05). In contrast, the mRNA expression of Bax was markedly up-regulated in the offspring born to diabetic dams at all of studied time-points (P < 0.05). Moreover, we found a striking increase in the numerical density of DNs in the various subfields of hippocampus of diabetic group pups (P < 0.05). The results of the present study revealed that maternal hyperglycemia during gestational period may result in disturbances in the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax genes as two important genes in neuronal apoptosis regulation and induces the production of DNs in the developing hippocampus of neonatal rats. These disturbances may be a reason for the cognitive, structural, and behavioral anomalies observed in offspring born to diabetic mothers. Furthermore, the control of maternal glycaemia by insulin administration in most cases normalized these negative impacts.

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A mysterious term hippocampus involved in learning and memory

Cited by 6 publications

References 9 publications

The effect of diabetes mellitus on apoptosis in hippocampus: Cellular and molecular aspects

The effect of diabetes mellitus on apoptosis in hippocampus: Cellular and molecular aspects

Function and Molecular Design of the Synapse

Expression of apoptosis-regulatory genes in the hippocampus of rat neonates born to mothers with diabetes

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