“…The polydopamine coating remains reactive and can form covalent bonds with functional groups (e.g., -NH 2 , -SH, imidazole group), which can be used to graft polymers, initiators, proteins, polysaccharides, oligonucleotides, nanoparticles, growth factors, cells, or metal ions onto the polydopamine-coated surface [70,[152][153][154][155][156]. Catechol's affinity with metal ions has also been exploited to metallize polydopamine coatings though incubating the polydopamine-coated objects in solutions containing these ions (e.g., silver, gold, cupric, and ferric ions) [70,[157][158][159]. During the process, nanoparticles nucleate on the polydopamine coating.…”