A Multivariate Technique to Develop Hybrid Water Quality Index of the Bengawan Solo River, Indonesia

Abstract

Surface water resource, such as river, is constantly contaminated by domestic and industrial pollutants. In order to properly manage the water resource, a composite index for water quality assessment, such as water quality index (WQI), has been designed to monitor and evaluate the properties of surface water. However, this index is quite subjective in terms of determination of relative weights. A principal component analysis (PCA) can be used to reduce the dimension and subjectivity of water quality variables. The purpose of this study was to implement the use of hybrid PCA and WQI methods to assess and monitor the water quality of the Bengawan Solo River, which is located in Java Island, Indonesia. The result suggested that COD, BOD, TSS, TDS, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia were the main factors that determine water quality of the Bengawan Solo River. Furthermore, it was revealed that most samples from the river showed water quality status as slightly polluted. In addition to this, the seasonal variation of the PCWI values indicated a significant increase of water pollution in the Bengawan Solo River per year.

Selected Measurement Parameters of Water Quality: Comparative Insight of India and Indonesia

“…This shows that the elimination of some physico-chemical parameters is replaced by the addition of new biological parameters. Almost the same as the case in Indonesia in measuring the water quality in Bengawan Solo river in which only 11 physico-chemical parameters were used of 42 parameters, while only single biological parameter was used, namely total coliform from 2 parameters recommended by the government (Lusiana et al, 2022). The same study was also conducted by Novianti, Zaman, & Sarminingsih (2022) in measuring the water quality in Cidurian River in West Java Province using only 11 physico-chemical parameters and 1 biological parameter.…”

“…The implementation of the regulation of water quality monitoring in Indonesia has yet to fully apply all the parameters stipulated by government. This can be seen through the research conducted by Lusiana et al (2022) in water quality monitoring in Bengawan Solo River that only prefers 11 physico-chemical parameters and 1 biological parameter as shown in Table 3. The data was taken from 2016-2020 by the Bengawan Solo River Basin Center (BBWS).…”

“…In the water quality monitoring in Indonesia, especially in Bengawan Solo River, 12 parameters are selected such as pH, TDS,temperature, ammonia, TSS, DO, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, COD, BOD and total coliform (Lusiana et al, ( 2022). All of these parameters are listed in the national regulations, although for the calculation of the state of water quality has not been stipulated the type of parameters should be.…”

“…Similar condition also happens in Indonesia in which most waste from human activities is directly dumped into rivers, causing river pollution. This can be seen of the water pollution in Bengawan Solo River (Lusiana et al, 2022) because of population growth, economic activity and industrial activities (Setyaningrum & Agustina, 2020). Furthermore, in few parts of Bengawan Solo river bank were occupied by people for house, garden, ricefield and factory (Santoso, Sudargono & Rahmawati, 2020).…”

Interrelationship and Determining Factors of Water Quality Dynamics in Whiteleg Shrimp Ponds in Tropical Eco-Green Aquaculture System

“…This process yields a vast and complex database. Various multivariate statistical methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA), can aid in understanding the complicated data matrix in order to perform a comprehensive analysis of the water quality; this also enables the identification of the potential components that influence the water system the most [Lusiana et al, 2022]. This is crucial for carrying out efficient and effective shrimp farming management in order to achieve sustainable fisheries aquaculture.…”