A Multivariate Analogue of the One-Sided Test

Kudō, Akira

doi:10.2307/2333909

Cited by 70 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…When this variable together with exact age was included in the multivariate model (Breslow & Day, 1980), the adjusted risk of melanoma was 1.5 in association with 2-5 sunburns and 2.4 after 6 or more sunburns during life (trend test (Kudo, 1963), P <0.05) (Table II). When other possible risk factors such as presence of skin cancers, migrant status and social class were included, these risk estimates remained essentially unchanged.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ninety-five percent confidence limits (CLs) of RR estimates for unmatched data were those of Miettinen (1976), and for matched data they were based on the standard errors of the logistic parameter estimates. The significance of trend in RRs was assessed by the tests of Bartholomew (1959) and Kudo (1963) for unmatched and multivariate analyses respectively.…”

Section: Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sunburn and malignant melanoma

Green¹,

Siskind²,

Bain³

et al. 1985

Br J Cancer

137

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Summary We investigated the relationship between cutaneous malignant melanoma and multiple sunburns in the Queensland population. Interview data were gathered from 236 case-control pairs concerning their lifetime experience of severe sunburns, their occupational and recreational sun exposure, and their skin type. Excluding the lentigo maligna melanoma subtype, an association between multiple sunburns and melanoma was evident. After controlling for other major risk factors there was a significant dose-response relationship (P < 0.05): the estimated relative risk associated with 2-5 sunburns in life was 1.5, and with 6 or more was 2.4. This observation extends the hitherto circumstantial evidence of a causal relationship between exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation and melanoma, and suggests that precautionary measures could prevent the development of this disease in a proportion of cases in fair-skinned populations.In spite of the widely held view that exposure to sunlight is related to melanoma, there is a lack of direct supporting evidence (Editorial, Lancet 1981). This may be related in part to problems in quantifying the harmful solar radiation that penetrates the epidermis during sun exposure. There are no established criteria for measuring harmful sun exposure at the target-cell (melanocyte) level on which to base comparisons between populations or individuals. Ideally such criteria would allow quantitation of actual ultraviolet (UV) dose, as the specific carcinogenic wavelengths in sunlight are thought to lie in the UV range (Setlow, 1974), and especially in the UV-B band (280-320 nm) (Granstein & Sober, 1982 In a case-control study in Queensland, Australia, we have examined the relation of UV exposure to cutaneous melanoma by comparing the sunburn experiences accumulated over a lifetime in incident cases, with those of the general population. Materials and methods SubjectsCases were residents of Queensland, who were reported as having a first primary cutaneous melanoma between 1 July, 1979 and 30 June, 1980. The histological diagnoses were provided by pathology laboratories throughout the state. From the year's total of 871 cases, 243 eligible cases were selected at random, 236 (97%) of whom were successfully contacted and interviewed. Controls were randomly selected from the total population by means of electoral rolls (enrolment is compulsory). They were matched to individual cases by age within 5 years, sex and place of residence. The 236 controls represented 92% of the eligible persons contacted (a further 13 were not at the address listed and could not be contacted). ProtocolAll subjects were interviewed by one of us (A.G.) using a standard questionnaire. Respondents were asked to recall all episodes of severe sunburn where pain had persisted longer than 48 h, with or without blistering. The number of sunburn experiences (to a maximum of 9) was recorded for the age groups 0-9, 10-19, 20-29 years, and 30 years and over. Virtually all burns reported occurred before age 40 (there were only 8 sunburns...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sunburn and malignant melanoma

Green¹,

Siskind²,

Bain³

et al. 1985

Br J Cancer

137

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“…While neither of these methods is currently in use in a biosurveillance system, they are among the most promising temporal multivariate methods for this application. Follmann (1996), Perlman (1969), and Kudô (1963), Testik and Runger (2006). For a review of the use of SPC applications and methods in the context of public health surveillance, see Woodall (2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing Directionally Sensitive MCUSUM and MEWMA Procedures with Application to Biosurveillance

Fricker

Knitt

2008

Quality Engineering

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This paper compares the performance of two new directionally-sensitive multivariate methods, based on the multivariate CUSUM (MCUSUM) and the multivariate exponentially weighted moving average (MEWMA), for biosurveillance. While neither of these methods is currently in use in a biosurveillance system, they are among the most promising multivariate methods for this application. Our analysis is based on a detailed series of simulations using synthetic biosurveillance data that mimics various types of disease background incidence and outbreaks. We apply the MCUSUM and the MEWMA to residuals from an adaptive regression that accounts for the systematic effects normally present in biosurveillance data. We find that, much like the results from univariate CUSUM and EWMA comparisons in classical statistical process control applications, the directionally-sensitive MCUSUM and MEWMA perform very similarly.

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“…It is based on the multiple inequality restriction-testing framework developed by Kudô (1963) and Wolak (1989). We discuss the cases of continuously measured practices as well as the case of dichotomous practices, which has been particularly relevant in most empirical applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing for Complementarity and Substitutability in the Case of Multiple Practices

2007

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A number of recent empirical studies of firm-level productivity (growth) have been concerned with establishing potential complementarity between multiple organizational design practices. These papers have drawn conclusions on basis of the effect of the interaction term between each possible pair of practices. In this paper we show that this approach may lead to misleading results in case more than two practices are considered. We develop a proper testing procedure for complementarity and substitutability in case there are multiple organizational practices that affect output. The testing methodology is illustrated by empirical examples of three and four innovation practices affecting productivity. The testing framework can easily be applied to test for supermodularity. Testing for complementarity and substitutability in case of multiple practices AbstractA number of recent empirical studies of firm-level productivity (growth) have been concerned with establishing potential complementarity between multiple organizational design practices.These papers have drawn conclusions on basis of the effect of the interaction term between each possible pair of practices. In this paper we show that this approach may lead to misleading results in case more than two practices are considered. We develop a proper testing procedure for complementarity and substitutability in case there are multiple organizational practices that affect output. The testing methodology is illustrated by empirical examples of three and four innovation practices affecting productivity. The testing framework can easily be applied to test for supermodularity.

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A Multivariate Analogue of the One-Sided Test

Cited by 70 publications

References 2 publications

Sunburn and malignant melanoma

Sunburn and malignant melanoma

Comparing Directionally Sensitive MCUSUM and MEWMA Procedures with Application to Biosurveillance

Testing for Complementarity and Substitutability in the Case of Multiple Practices

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