A multiresidue method for the analysis and verification of several herbicides in water

Cessna, Allan J.; Grover, R.; Kerr, Lorne A.; Aldred, Melonee L.

doi:10.1021/jf00063a042

Cited by 41 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…Aqueous bulk deposition samples and dugout water samples were extracted in the same manner. Each sample was thawed and shaken to suspend any sediments, and an unfiltered aliquot (500 mL) was extracted following established methods of liquid–liquid extraction (Cessna et al, 1985; Grover et al, 1997).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Concentrations of Agricultural Herbicides

et al. 2002

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The herbicides 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and triallate [S-2,3,3-trichloroallyl di-isopropyl(thiocarbamate)] are extensively used to control broadleaf and wild oat (respectively) weed infestations in Canadian cereal crops. In 1990, for example, more than 3.8 million kg of 2,4-D and 2.7 million kg of triallate were applied in the three prairie provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba). Maximum air concentrations of these two herbicides during the summers of 1989 and 1990 near Regina, Saskatchewan, were 3.90 ng m(-3) (2,4-D) and 60.04 ng m(-3) (triallate). Concentrations of these two herbicides were also measured in bulk atmospheric deposition (wet plus dry) and in farm pond water and associated surface film. Maximum measured levels of 2,4-D were 3550 ng m(-2) d(-1) (bulk deposition), 332 ng m(-2) (surface film), and 290 ng L(-1) (pond water). Maximum levels of triallate were 2300 ng m(-2) d(-1) (bulk deposition), 212 ng m(-2) (surface film), and 500 ng L(-1) (pond water). The highest quantities of the herbicides tended to be found during or immediately after the time of regional application. The movement of the herbicides in the environment will be discussed in relation to the four matrices studied.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Concentrations of Agricultural Herbicides

et al. 2002

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“…Methylene chloride was evaporated under nitrogen in a warm water bath and residues were brought up in 2 mL of ethyl acetate. 2-4,-D residues were analysed by methods outlined by Cessna et al (1985). Mecoprop (MCPP) was analysed using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) after evaporating samples under nitrogen in a water bath (40 8C).…”

Section: Pesticide Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticide fate in sodded kentucky bluegrass lawns in response to irrigation

Slavens¹,

Petrovic

2012

Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Sc

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Fertilizers and pesticides applied to home lawns can contaminate surface and groundwater making them unfit for aquatic organisms and human consumption. Application of fertilizers and pesticides can improve the aesthetics of a home lawn, improve turfgrass shoot and root density, water use, organic matter accumulation, and other factors known to be influential in urban hydrology. A field study determined the impact of applying home landscape pesticides with or without supplemental irrigation of leaching into groundwater or runoff to surface water. Free-draining lysimeters having a sandy loam soil (coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Lamellic Hapludalf) were used to monitor total volume and nutrients and pesticides losses. Samples from natural precipitation events were analysed for pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2, 6-dinitrobenzenamine] applied in spring, mecoprop [2-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) propionic acid]'2, 4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) applied both in late spring and early fall, and bifenthrin [(2-methyl-1,1-biphenyl-3-y1)-methyl-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate] applied in late summer. Pesticide concentrations fluctuated over time, but no differences in concentrations were observed from irrigated or non-irrigated turfgrass for any pesticide. Mecoprop and 2,4-D were the most mobile and values found in runoff during establishment were above maximum contaminant levels (MCL) for U.S. standards. Surface runoff of lawn pesticides were observed at concentrations several magnitudes higher than leachate. The total extent of pesticide runoff was 0.71%, 1.3%, 6.0%, and 0.003% of the amount applied for 2,4-D, mecoprop, pendimethalin and bifenthrin, respectively. With the exception of one sampling period, pendimethalin concentrations in runoff and leachate were low; however, when applied during a period of minimal turf growth and high precipitation, pendimethalin could contribute significantly to surface water pollution.

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“…The water samples were extracted as described previously (Cessna et al, 1985) with the following modifications: a 500‐mL rather than a 1‐L sample was extracted and all extraction solvent and reagent volumes were reduced proportionally. For water samples monitored for metribuzin, the neutral herbicides were extracted with methylene chloride rather than hexane and, following elution of trifluralin, ethalfluralin, and triallate from the Florisil cleanup column with 0.5% acetone in hexane, metribuzin was then eluted with 5% acetone in hexane.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For water samples monitored for metribuzin, the neutral herbicides were extracted with methylene chloride rather than hexane and, following elution of trifluralin, ethalfluralin, and triallate from the Florisil cleanup column with 0.5% acetone in hexane, metribuzin was then eluted with 5% acetone in hexane. Methylation of the diethyl ether extracts using diazomethane and the Florisil column cleanup of the methylated extracts were also as described previously (Cessna et al, 1985).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variation of Herbicide Concentrations in Prairie Farm Dugouts

Cessna

Elliott²

2004

J of Env Quality

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Prairie farm dugouts are frequently constructed for use as potable water sources. Consequently, cumulative pesticide inputs via atmospheric deposition and surface runoff may constitute a risk to human health. Since, relative to other pesticides, herbicides are used in greatest amount on the Canadian prairies, herbicide concentrations were intensively monitored in three dugouts over three growing seasons. Herbicides were detected in the water of all three dugouts each growing season which may reflect cumulative inputs from atmospheric and surface processes over the lifetimes of the dugouts, which varied from 11 to 22 yr. Detections, which were not continuous, tended to be seasonal in nature. During the 3-yr study, detections were most frequent during the spring application period and late fall following dugout turnover. Between these periods, herbicide concentrations generally decreased to below detection limits. The reappearance of herbicides in the dugout water during fall turnover and in concentrations generally greater than those present during the spring application period suggest that, under appropriate environmental conditions, the bottom sediments may act as a source of herbicides to the water column. In general, herbicide inputs due to deposition of application drift did not result in detectable concentrations of herbicides in the dugouts. In the only year that winter samples were monitored, herbicides were also detected during ice cover. On the basis of monthly sampling over each growing season, median concentrations of 9 of the 10 herbicides monitored were less than 0.05 microg L(-1). The exception, 2,4-D, which has been used extensively on the Canadian prairies for more than 50 yr and in greatest amounts, was the most frequently detected herbicide. In no case did herbicide concentrations exceed Canadian drinking water guidelines; however, on occasion maximum herbicide concentrations did exceed aquatic life and irrigation water guidelines.

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A multiresidue method for the analysis and verification of several herbicides in water

Cited by 41 publications

References 9 publications

Environmental Concentrations of Agricultural Herbicides

Environmental Concentrations of Agricultural Herbicides

Pesticide fate in sodded kentucky bluegrass lawns in response to irrigation

Seasonal Variation of Herbicide Concentrations in Prairie Farm Dugouts

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