A Multipurpose Lignin‐based Adsorbent for Metallic Ions, Nanoparticles and Various Organophosphate Pesticides in Hexane

Abstract

A lignin-based adsorbent for metallic ions, nanoparticles and various agricultural organophosphate pesticides in hexane is immobilized on silica gel without further fractional purification. For most organophosphate analytes examined in this study under the same conditions, the percentage of adsorption achieved was well above 90% in 15 min, was found to be highly related to the dipole-dipole attractions that occurred among the oxygen-containing functional groups attached to analyte and lignin molecules and was greatly enhanced in hexane. The adsorption is believed to be reversible and surface oriented; furthermore, the interaction leading to the adsorption is not as significantly subject to the steric hindrance effect caused by the bulky group or elements surrounding the phosphorus element. Other types of interactions enhanced in hexane, such as the p-p interaction, and hydrogen bonding in some cases, were also observed and contributed less to the percentage of adsorption. However, the adsorption of ions and nanoparticles under aqueous conditions is thought to be mainly a result of the complexation of the oxygen-bearing hydrophobic cleft of the lignin molecule. In all cases, the nature of the analyte, the amount of adsorbent and the acidic or basic origin of the additive in matrix also affect the percentage of adsorption.

Large-Scale Membrane- and Lignin-Modified Adsorbent-Assisted Extraction and Preconcentration of Triazine Analogs and Aflatoxins

“…Two adsorption mechanisms reported previously were thought to be responsible for the extraction results, and also led to the variation in the adsorption capacity values for these analytes, as shown in Table 3 [ 55 , 56 ]. The availability of binding sites on the lignin-modified adsorbent (i.e., ether linkage in hexane) and the size of the analyte molecule are factors believed to be particularly responsible for the extraction results, according to the proposed structure of lignin [ 37 , 42 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. However, little evidence was produced that smaller molecules such as triazine analogs were under such a negative influence.…”

“…Lignin is the most abundant organic material of dead vegetation, is nontoxic and resistant to degradation, and thus, is an extremely versatile material for use in industrial and food processing industries [ 38 , 39 , 40 ]. However, the application of any lignin-related material for the recovery of molecular pollutants has rarely been seen, except for the metallic Au(III) ion removal from aqueous solution using structurally modified lignin [ 41 , 42 ]. In this study, silica gel modified with a native lignin molecule was used as an adsorbent for facilitating the subsequent process of concentrating an aqueous solution of various triazine analogs and aflatoxins on a large scale, after hydrocarbon-based membrane extraction under ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure.…”

From residue to resource: new insights into the synthesis of functionalized lignin micro/nanospheres by self-assembly technology for waste resource utilization

“…Thus, the synthesized lignin-based modified silica nanomaterials can efficiently adsorb heavy metals, organophosphorus pesticides and even serve as metal adsorbents for used lithium batteries. 95–97 It has been demonstrated that lignin macromolecules can attract oxygen-containing functional groups attached to organophosphate by dipole–dipole interactions to avoid the spatial effect caused by huge groups or elements around phosphorus, while the adsorption of metal ions and nanoparticles in aqueous environment is mainly due to the complexation of oxygen-containing hydrophobic cracks of lignin molecules. 97 The hybridization with silica further amplifies these advantages, making it potentially valuable for applications such as UV absorbers, green adsorbents, energy storage materials, and diagnostic treatments.…”

A Bibliometric Description of Lignin Applicability for the Removal of Chemical Pollutants in Effluents

“…Regarding the types of chemical pollutants found in the literature, among the 130 articles evaluated, the highest proportion is related to heavy metal ions and dyes with percentages of 56.91 and 41.55%, respectively. Lastly, there are also papers describing the use of lignin for both treatments of wastewater contaminated with pesticide (Hu and Chen 2015) and in the treatment of aqueous solutions contaminated with 4-nitrophenol (Martin-Martinez et al 2017).…”