A multiman-machine system simulation facility and related research on information-processing and decision-making tasks.

Briggs, George E.

doi:10.1037/e457932004-001

Cited by 5 publications

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“…The work performed by Ohio S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y on a i r t r a ff i c c o n t r o l and a i r s u r v e i l l a n c e during t h e 1950's and e a r l y 1960's is a n o t h e r o u t s t a n d i n g example (KI(IJ, 1959; F e a l l o c k and Briggs, 1963). Some of t h e b e s t work on team dynamics i n a system context have been performed by L a n z e t t a and Roby ( e .…”

Section: The T R a N S F O R M A T I O N Of I N D I V I D U A L R E Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Where is the System in the Man-Machine System?

Meister

1974

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting

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Implications of the man-machine concept for Human Factors as a discipline are derived. Two fundamental research questions stem from this assumption: Are psychological principles describing individual and group behavior sufficient to explain operator and multiman-machine system operations; and, what is the relationship between individual responses and system outputs? Review of the Human Factors literature indicates that most studies ignore the system and fail to answer these questions. explored.One of the fundamental premises of Human Factors (HF), which in the author's use of the term includes analysis, equipment design, evaluation, training, manpower determination, etc., is that it is a "system" discipline, dealing with behavioral factors in the context of something called the man-machine system (MMS) or simply the "system" (Christensen, 1964, DeGreene, 1970, Meister, 1971. References aside, this premise is so well accepted by the discipline that it is considered somewhat trite to mention it.Everyone presumably knows what the MMS is and what it means for HF. In consequence, rarely does anyone ask what this assumption means. The purpose of this paper is to examine the implications of the MMS assumption.2. On a somewhat more complex level, the individual can extend himself by interacting with other individuals. This interaction is direct and almost always verbal, although without mechanical/electronic interfaces. This is the group or what some have termed the man-man system.Since both the individual and the man-man system lack an equipment interface to transform energy and manipulate their environment, their study properly belongs to the psychologist or in the case of the man-man system, the sociologist. 3. At still another level whose complexity cannot really be compared with the individual and the man-man system, one finds the operator system, whose distinguishing characteristic is that the individual interacts with his environment through some sort of interface, which means that there is a transformation of energy or matter across that interface.Once the individual is given a mechanism to manipulate his environment, he becomes the operator. The mechanism can be as simple as a stick with which he can draw in the sand, or as complex as a space ship he can pilot to the moon. With very simple mechanisms it is sometimes difficult to tell whether one is dealing with an operator or an individual. The basic criterion, however, is clear; it is whether or not the individual can exercise an effect on his environment through some tool other than his body. 4. At the most complex level there is the multiman-machine system (MMMS), more simply termed the multiman system, which consists of two or more operators interacting with each other and with their environment through some mechanical/electronic interface. Again, the multiman system varies in complexity from the minimal two-man operation to something as extensive as the space launch complex at NASA Houston.

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Section: The T R a N S F O R M A T I O N Of I N D I V I D U A L R E Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Where is the System in the Man-Machine System?

Meister

1974

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting

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“…Each decision does not directly affect the choices available on succeeding trials. One contrasts this situation with the type usually used in studies of complex problem-solving (e.g., 7,10,13,20), in which each decision that S makes not only constrains succeeding decisions but also is a component of S's problem solution. Such game-type situations have the prime advantage of environmental veridicality.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Effect of Three Types of Visual Irrelevancy on Complex Decision Making

Landis

Slivka

Silver

1970

The Journal of Psychology

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The Effect of Three Types of Visual Irrelevancy on Complex Decision Making1

Landis

Slivka²,

Silver

1969

ETS Research Bulletin Series

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The present study investigated the effects of visual information irrelevancy on complex decision. making. Three types of irrelevancy were defined (clutter, r1oninf'ormative irrelevancy and coding redundancy) and incorporated as independent variables in the research. Thirty male college §.S solved a set of static problems involving decision making with a known pay-off, but where the output would be difficult for .2 to accurately estimate. Results indicated that, under the conditions of this study, irrelevancy is facilitative for decision making and the more random the irrelevancy, the more adequate the solution. These findings ape discussed within the framework of a theory that postulates that irrelevancy aids in the figure-ground articulation of the cognitive field. THE EFFEGr OF THREE TYPES OF VISUAL IRRELEVANCY ON 1 COMPLEX DECISION MAKINGThe term irrelevant information in the psychological literature re~ers to two quite separate sets of experimental manipulations. On the one hand, it has been used to refer to an asynchrony between training and criterion trials in concept identification tasks. Thus, 2 is trained on one stimulus dimension and later tested in a concept identification situation wherein the training dimension cannot be used to attain correct categorization.The other usage of the term derives from the use of additional stimuli in search-time discrimination tasks. In this type of task, S has to identify critical stimuli in a "noisy" field. These studies have derived their impetus from the problems faced by a radar operator on extended watches.The results of almost all of the studies investigating the effects of irrelevancy as a training variable have suggested that the inclusion of such a variable at best does not affect performance. Thus, Archer (1954) fo~d that response time in a concept formation task increased as a linear function of the amount of relevant information, but was independent of the level of irrelevancy. Archer, Bourne, and Brown (1955) found that as irrelevant elements were increased, efficiency of categorizing unusual patterns decreased even when ,2swere instructed how to test for irrelevancy.Henneman (1957) and Morin, Forrin, and Archer (1961) verified Archer's (1954) study that irrelevancy does not significantly degrade performance. In addition, Henneman (1957) found that making information sometimes irrelevant and sometimes relevant will degrade performance. Detambel and Stolurow (1956) showed that lowering the conspicuity of irrelevant infornation interferes with the learning process. Namikas (1968) also found that training on a relevant dimension improved performance in the concept -2-formation transfer task. Interestingly enough, however, groups that were trained on irrelevant dimensions were not significantly different from those trained on neutral dimensions or those receiving no training. Katz (1968) applied the concept learning paradigm to the developmental effect of irrelevant dimensions. She found that while a degradation occurred in adults as a fu...

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A multiman-machine system simulation facility and related research on information-processing and decision-making tasks.

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Where is the System in the Man-Machine System?

Where is the System in the Man-Machine System?

The Effect of Three Types of Visual Irrelevancy on Complex Decision Making

The Effect of Three Types of Visual Irrelevancy on Complex Decision Making1

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