A multicentric, prospective study on oral and maxillofacial trauma in the female population around the world

Abstract

Background/Aims Approximately 20% of patients with maxillofacial trauma are women, but few articles have analysed this. The aim of this multicentric, prospective, epidemiological study was to analyse the characteristics of maxillofacial fractures in the female population managed in 14 maxillofacial surgery departments on five continents over a 1‐year period. Methods The following data were collected: age (0–18, 19–64, or ≥65 years), cause and mechanism of the maxillofacial fracture, alcohol and/or drug abuse at the time of trauma, fracture site, Facial Injury Severity Scale score, associated injury, day of trauma, timing and type of treatment, and length of hospitalization. Results Between 30 September 2019 and 4 October 2020, 562 of 2387 patients hospitalized with maxillofacial trauma were females (24%; M: F ratio, 3.2:1) aged between 1 and 96 years (median age, 37 years). Most fractures occurred in patients aged 20–39 years. The main causes were falls (43% [median age, 60.5 years]), which were more common in Australian, European and American units (p < .001). They were followed by road traffic accidents (35% [median age, 29.5 years]). Assaults (15% [median age, 31.5 years]) were statistically associated with alcohol and/or drug abuse (p < .001). Of all patients, 39% underwent open reduction and internal fixation, 36% did not receive surgical treatment, and 25% underwent closed reduction. Conclusion Falls were the main cause of maxillofacial injury in the female population in countries with ageing populations, while road traffic accidents were the main cause in African and some Asian centres, especially in patients ≤65 years. Assaults remain a significant cause of trauma, primarily in patients aged 19–64 years, and they are related to alcohol use.

Association of Ellis class 1 fracture in children of age 6–12 years

“…[ 42 ] The results obtained in this study clearly tell that Ellis class 1 fracture is the most frequent form of fracture seen in children which are supported by a study conducted by Alireza and others. [ 43 ] Opposingly, few studies have suggested dentin fracture to be a frequent type of injury. [ 44 45 ] Some difference of results was observed in a few studies due to various factors such as geographic location between the countries, so it is difficult to conclude the etiology of dental trauma in children.…”

“…[ 45 ] A study conducted in Iraq showed that 61% school-going boys were affected by dental trauma. [ 43 ] The rising incidence of Ellis class 1 may be related to the knowledge that trauma occurs as a result of greater participation of the younger generation in sports that lack safety safeguards, with a higher prevalence in boys. [ 43 ]…”

Association of Ellis Class 2 fracture in 13–17 years old children

“…Oral injuries are most common in children under 10 years of age, and only seldom seen under 30 years, according to their epidemiological study. [ 30 ] Males are more typically impacted by dental trauma than females, according to several research conducted by various practitioners for dental traumatic injuries. Similar results have been obtained from our study where about 60.78% of males are affected.…”

Factors predicting oral and maxillofacial fractures after falling and factors predicting the duration of treatment

“…They found that falling was the most common cause of maxillofacial trauma, followed by motor vehicle collisions and assault. 9 Martini et al 10 reviewed patients with mandibular fractures and found that motorcycle collisions were the most common cause, followed by physical attacks and falling from a height. Fracture of the body of the mandible was the most common type of mandibular fracture, followed by fracture of the symphysis and condyle.…”

“…Falling is the most common mechanism of unintentional injury, and the consequent oral and maxillofacial injuries have been extensively examined. 2,3,5,6,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Romeo et al 9 analyzed the characteristics of female patients with maxillofacial trauma in 14 maxillofacial surgery departments on 5 continents. They found that falling was the most common cause of maxillofacial trauma, followed by motor vehicle collisions and assault.…”