A multicast routing algorithm based on searching in directed graph

A green intelligent routing algorithm supporting flexible QoS for many-to-many multicast

“…The authors also considered the algorithm's performance in terms of search efficiency and path computation time. The authors of [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] instead paid their attention to QoS routing algorithms under one-to-many multicast scenario. In [31], a novel Bi-Velocity Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (BVDPSO) algorithm was proposed to optimize one-to-many multicast routing problem in communication networks.…”

“…It can search a routing path which satisfies the user QoS requirements and achieve the Pareto optimal utilities of the user and the network service provider under the Nash equilibrium. In [34], a Multicast Routing Algorithm based on Searching a Directed grapH (MRASDH) was proposed, and an ant algorithm is applied to construct a directed sub-graph for each destination node based on the thought of deleting the non-relative nodes to shrink the searching space, and finally used a simulated annealing algorithm to obtain the qualified multicast tree in the new space. In [35], a Tree-Growth Based Ant Colony Algorithm (TGBACA) for the multi-constrained QoS multicast routing problem was proposed.…”

“…It speeds up the searching ability for the optimal solution, and the global convergence of solution can be achieved by heuristic crossover and mutation operation. To sum up, intelligent optimization methods were adopted to solve the multicast routing problems in [31][32][33][34][35], while heuristics were applied in [36][37][38][39]. Some authors devoted themselves to QoS routing algorithms under the many-to-many multicast scenario.…”

Convergence analysis and application of the central force optimization algorithm

“…The Central Force Optimization (CFO) [1] is a new heuristic algorithm. In contrast with the stochastic algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) [2], Ant Colony Optimization [3] and other such algorithms [4][5][6], CFO is an entirely deterministic algorithm.…”