“…The advantage of this class of algorithms is that these algorithms operate with the sets of solutions instead of single solutions and this property is of prime importance when it comes to the solution of the QAP and related problems. In particular, it is found that, namely, the genetic algorithms (GA) seem to be very likely among the most powerful heuristic algorithms for solving the QAP, among them: greedy genetic algorithm [ 71 ], genetic-local search algorithm [ 72 , 73 , 74 ], genetic algorithm using cohesive crossover [ 75 ], improved genetic algorithm [ 76 ], parallel genetic algorithm [ 77 ], memetic algorithm [ 78 ], genetic algorithm on graphics processing units [ 79 ], quantum genetic algorithm [ 80 ], and other GA modifications [ 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 ]. Note that the population-based algorithms are usually hybridized with the single-solution-based algorithms (local search, tabu search, iterated local/tabu search, GRASP).…”