“…At present, there are many commonly used damage identification methods, such as manual visual damage identification methods (Kim et al, 2017), vibration-based damage identification methods, and image-based damage identification methods (Gao and Mosalam, 2018). Among them, vibration-based methods have been extensively studied because of their advantages of identifying internal structural damages without destruction (Hou and Xia, 2020;Debnath and Das, 2021;Goyal and Pabla, 2016;Chen, et al, 2023b). The vibration-based methods include model updating method (Mottershead and Friswell, 1993) and dynamic fingerprint method (Sun et al, 2019), among which, the model updating method (Sun et al, 2013;Xu et al, 2012;Chatzi and Smyth, 2009) has become one of the main methods for structural damage identification due to its strong interpretability and operability.…”