A Multi-Layer Cluster Based Energy Efficient Routing Scheme for UWSNs

Abstract

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have emerged as a remarkable interest for scholars worldwide in terms of various applications such as monitoring offshore oil and gas reservoirs, pollution, oceans for defense, and other applications such as tsunami. Terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks (TWSN) and UWSNs share many characteristics apart from having different communication medium and working environment as UWSNs face the challenges of low-bandwidth, long latency, and high bit error rate. These have caused for UWSNs many problems such as low reliability, packet retransmission, and high consumption of energy. To alleviate the aforementioned issues, many techniques have been proposed. However, most of them merely consider the issue of hotspot which occurs due to the unbalanced transmission of load on sensor nodes near the surface sink. In this article, we propose a multi-layer cluster-based Energy Efficient (MLCEE) protocol for UWSNs to address the issue of hotspot and energy consumption. There are different stages in MLCEE, first of which is the division of the whole network in layers, the second is clustering of the nodes at same layers. In the last stage of transmission, the cluster head (CH) selects the next hop among the CHs based on greater fitness value, small Hopid and small layer number. To mitigate the issue of hotspot, the first layer remains un-clustered and any node in the first layer transfers data to the sink directly while cluster heads (CHs) are selected based on Bayesian Probability and residual energy. The simulation results of the proposed technique, done using MATLAB, have revealed that MLCEE achieves superior performance than the other techniques with regard to the network lifetime, energy consumption, and data transmission amount.INDEX TERMS Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), BN Bayesian probability (BN), network lifetime, dynamic clustering, cluster head (CH) selection, energy efficiency. I. INTRODUCTIONRecently, UWSNs are fascinating more considerations from industry and academia due to their comprehensive application fields, for example, auxiliary navigation, ecological observing, resource exploration, and calamities avoidance, etc. Underwater nodes are mostly deployed sparsely in the monitoring area from surface to bottom and these nodes are equipped with an acoustic modem. Communications through optical signals in underwater are not adequate dueThe associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Fatos Xhafa.

Node Energy Consumption Balanced Multi-Hop Transmission for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks Based on Clustering Algorithm

“…Wang et al in [31] presented a clustering mechanism based on the softdefined network, in which the CH nodes are selected according to the energy threshold information broadcasted among the underwater nodes and then the non-CH nodes connect with the CH node having the strongest signal strength. The authors in [9] used Bayesian spam filtering [10] to select cluster heads based on the residual energy and node spacing. The cluster heads then transmit data to the sink in the multi-hop mode.…”

“…Applying acoustic sensor networks to monitor and explore the underwater environments have aroused people's interest. At present, underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWA-SNs) have been widely used in auxiliary navigation, ecological observation, resource development, ship detection, and so on [1,2]. The Internet of underwater things (IoUT) has gradually become a promising research topic [3,23].…”

“…Therefore, it is vital to prolong the lifetime of a UWA-SN by designing an energy aware protocol to balance the energy consumption of underwater sensor nodes and avoid energy holes of the network. It has been demonstrated that protocols based on clusters are viable with respect to sparing energy [1]. However, since long-distance communications will cause higher energy consumption than short-distance communications, applying multi-hop transmissions among cluster heads to convey data can further reduce the energy consumption of the network [24].…”

Energy-aware strategy for data forwarding in IoT ecosystem

“…The work of Khan et al [21], considers issues related to energy efficiency enhancement in underwater sensor networks. In order to solve such problems, the authors provide a dual-tire cluster oriented efficient routing protocol that is mainly designed to deal with a high error rate, high consumption of energy, and end-to-end delay.…”

Two-Tier PSO Based Data Routing Employing Bayesian Compressive Sensing in Underwater Sensor Networks

“…Common nodes just need to transmit their data to their cluster heads (CHs) in one hop. For instance, clustering is added as one stage in [ 10 ] to save energy better. This strategy cuts down the energy-consumption efficiently.…”