A multi-continuum multi-phase parallel simulator for large-scale conventional and unconventional reservoirs

Wang, Kun; Liu, Hui; Luo, Jia; Chen, Zhangxin

doi:10.1016/j.jngse.2016.05.040

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…We implement the three coupled models in our in-house simulator. − Our simulator is built on a parallel platform PRSI . PRSI is written by C language and Message Passing Interface (MPI), which is designed for large-scale reservoir simulation and provides a grid management module, a parallel input and output module, a linear solver module, a matrix/vector module, and a well management module.…”

Section: Numerical Experiments and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Model Coupling Embedded Discrete Fractures, Multiple Interacting Continua, and Geomechanics in Shale Gas Reservoirs with Multiscale Fractures

et al. 2017

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Shale gas has become one of the primary energy resources during the past few years, and its impact has been profound in many countries. Hydraulic fracturing treatments are required for the development of shale gas reservoirs, and the consequent hydraulic fractures usually connect with the original small-scale natural fractures forming complex fracture networks in these reservoirs. Therefore, a model for numerical simulation, which is capable of accurately modeling naturally and hydraulically fractured reservoirs, is essential in optimization and management of such reservoirs. In this paper, we develop a comprehensive model that couples embedded discrete fractures, multiple interacting continua, and geomechanics to accurately simulate the fluid flow in shale gas reservoirs with multiscale fractures. Large-scale hydraulic fractures are described by an embedded discrete fracture method, while middle-scale and small-scale natural fractures are modeled by a multiple interacting continua method. Usually, the connection of matrix–natural fractures–hydraulic fractures–wells is considered as the main pathway for the gas flow from a reservoir to a production well. However, geomechanics effects are significant in fractured reservoirs, which may lead to the closure of fractures and a dramatic decrease in gas conductivity in the fractures during the depletion of pressure. When the permeability of fractures is close to that of matrix, the gas production directly from the pathway of matrix–hydraulic fractures–wells as well as the fluid flow in shale matrix cannot be ignored. To accurately predict the fluid flow and well performance, the geomechanics effects and all the possible connections between different regimes must be taken into account. We implement this comprehensive model in our in-house reservoir simulator and study its behavior by numerical experiments. According to the numerical simulation results, accurate and comprehensive production prediction is performed, and reasonable physical phenomena is captured. Sensitivity studies are also performed to show the impacts of different parameters on the prediction of well performance.

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Section: Numerical Experiments and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Model Coupling Embedded Discrete Fractures, Multiple Interacting Continua, and Geomechanics in Shale Gas Reservoirs with Multiscale Fractures

et al. 2017

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“…In our previous previous work, a few reservoir simulators and their numerical methods have been reported [21,31,33,32,61]. The simulators share similar methods, such as time discretization scheme, spatial discretization scheme, decoupling method, linear solver and preconditioners [21].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Effective linear solver and preconditioner methods have been proposed to accelerate the solution of linear systems from reservoir simulations, such as constrained pressure residual (CPR) methods [28,6], multi-stage methods [3], multiple level preconditioners [29] and FASP (fast auxiliary space preconditioners) [19,16]. Chen et al designed a family of CPR-type preconditioners, such as CPR-FP, CPR-FPF and CPR-FFPF methods [21], which have been applied to different simulations [32,22,33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Scalable Thermal Reservoir Simulator for Giant Models on Parallel Computers

Liu,

Chen

2018

Preprint

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This paper introduces the model, numerical methods, algorithms and parallel implementation of a thermal reservoir simulator that designed for numerical simulations of thermal reservoir with multiple components in three dimensional domain using distributed-memory parallel computers. Its full mathematical model is introduced with correlations for important properties and well modeling. Various well constraints, such as fixed bottom hole pressure, fixed oil, water, gas and liquid rates at surface condition and reservoir condition, constant heat transfer model, convective heat transfer model, heater model (temperature control, rate control, dual rate/temperature control), and subcool (steam trap), are introduced in details, including their mathematical models and methods. Efficient numerical methods (discretization scheme, matrix decoupling methods, and preconditioners), parallel computing technologies and implementation details are presented, including option parsing, keyword parsing, parallel IO (input and output), data management and visualization. The simulator is designed for giant models with billions or even trillions of grid blocks using hundreds of thousands of CPUs. Numerical experiments show that our results match commercial simulators, which confirms the correctness of our methods and implementations. SAGD simulation with 15106 well pairs is also presented to study the effectiveness of our numerical methods. Scalability testings demonstrate that our simulator can handle giant models with 216 billion grid blocks using 100,800 CPU cores and the simulator has good scalability.

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“…Although the initial water saturation of the shale gas reservoir is ultra-low, the fracturing fluid left in the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) results in a two-phase gas-water flow during shale production . Therefore, simulation approaches, including the finite difference method with local grid refinement, the embedded discrete fracture model, , and the finite element and control volume finite element methods (CVFMs) with unstructured grids, , have been developed to predict the production performance and optimize the production technique based on the occurrence of the two-phase gas-water flow. However, these models do not consider the fluctuations in the characteristics of the actual reservoir and the influence of two-phase gas–liquid flow in the wellbore on the production performance. , A large number of field tests were conducted using a mixture of oil, gas, and water, then three liquid holdup correlation curves and an empirical pressure drop model for two-phase vertical flow without distinguishing the flow patterns were obtained .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production Performance Simulation of the Fractured Horizontal Well Considering Reservoir and Wellbore Coupled Flow in Shale Gas Reservoirs

et al. 2022

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Unmodified original shale gas reservoirs have been demonstrated to have extremely low permeability, and the long horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques are widely used to obtain economic gas production. However, these techniques can result in a nonlinear flow of fluids during transport through the multi-scale pore system and the complex fracture network around the horizontal well, as well as a two-phase gas-water flow during shale production. To solve these issues, in this paper, first, the complex fracture network around the horizontal well is characterized using the discrete main hydraulic fractures combined with composite regions with different properties. Then, the dual porosity media and discrete-fracture model are implemented to describe the nonlinear flow behavior in the multi-scale pore system, and a wellbore pressure drop model is established to characterize the transient two-phase gas–liquid flow in the different sections of the fractured horizontal well. Finally, the coupled reservoir wellbore flow model is fully implicitly solved using the control volume finite element method and unstructured tetrahedral grids. The results of the simulation model of a multi-stage fractured horizontal well in the shale of the Longmaxi Formation will help field engineers deeply understand gas and water production performance and the dynamics of wellbore and reservoir pressure, as well as optimize development schemes.

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A multi-continuum multi-phase parallel simulator for large-scale conventional and unconventional reservoirs

Cited by 18 publications

References 63 publications

A Comprehensive Model Coupling Embedded Discrete Fractures, Multiple Interacting Continua, and Geomechanics in Shale Gas Reservoirs with Multiscale Fractures

A Comprehensive Model Coupling Embedded Discrete Fractures, Multiple Interacting Continua, and Geomechanics in Shale Gas Reservoirs with Multiscale Fractures

A Scalable Thermal Reservoir Simulator for Giant Models on Parallel Computers

Production Performance Simulation of the Fractured Horizontal Well Considering Reservoir and Wellbore Coupled Flow in Shale Gas Reservoirs

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