A multi analytical characterization of a small bronze figurine from Gran Carro site (Bolsena Lake, Italy)

Porcaro, Marta; Barbaro, Barbara; Canovaro, Caterina; Artioli, Gilberto; Lucarelli, Chiara; Lugli, Federico; Depalmas, Anna; Brunetti, Antonio

doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104230

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…Prior to etching, observations were made using a metallographic microscope to examine the inclusions, lead morphology, and corroded structures. After secondary polishing, the specimens were etched with a 3% ferric chloride-hydrochloric acid-alcohol solution, fixed on a specimen holder, and subjected to metallographic optical microscopy to analyze the matrix structure [12]. The instrument used was a Leica DM6000 metallographic microscope from Leica, Germany.…”

Section: Metallographic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Bronze Weapons Excavated from Xichuan, China

Zhao,

Liu,

Chen

et al. 2024

Metals

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The collection of twelve bronze artifacts discovered in Xichuan provides invaluable historical insights into the Warring States period (476 BC to 221 BC) of ancient China. To investigate their fabrication techniques and current state of preservation, a comprehensive analysis was conducted using a metallographic microscope, a scanning electron microscope, and an electron spectrometer to examine the microstructure and elemental composition of the artifacts. The findings revealed that the copper content in these bronze artifacts varied between 41.82% and 87.95%, the tin content ranged from 6.79% to 46.88%, and the lead content was less than 28.96%. The microstructure exhibited an α-solid-solution dendritic-crystal-segregation structure, with a substantial amount of (α + δ) eutectic distributed in an island-like pattern. Lead was dispersed unevenly, appearing as small granules and large ellipsoids. The composition of these weapons aligned with their intended use, adhering to the manufacturing standards of traditional Chinese bronzes. However, their state of preservation was suboptimal, necessitating immediate protective measures. This study contributes physical evidence to the research on early Chinese bronze production and offers scientific guidance for the conservation and restoration of these bronze artifacts.

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Section: Metallographic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%