A Motivational Model of Alcohol Use: Determinants of Use and Change

Cox, W. Miles; Klinger, Eric

doi:10.1002/9780470979952.ch6

Cited by 66 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 136 publications

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“…While not all studies in the subsequent three decades have found a difference between obese and normal weight individuals in response to external food cues (e.g., Nisbett & Temoshok, 1976;van Strien & Ouwens, 2003), many have confirmed Rodin's initial finding (e.g., Burton, Smit and Lightowler, 2007). More recent theoretical accounts have attributed the heightened responsiveness to food cues among the obese to (1) the activation of dysfunctional knowledge structures (i.e., schemas) which reflect an over-concern with food and eating (Cox & Klinger, 2004;Williamson et al, 2004), or (2) an excessive release of dopamine in the brain's reward system which serves to increase the reinforcing value (i.e., incentive salience) of food (Berridge, Ho, Jocelyn & DiFeliceantonio, 2010;Volkow & Wise, 2005). Common to these theoretical perspectives is the prediction that obese individuals selectively attend to food and eating stimuli, that is, they show an attentional bias for such stimuli.…”

Section: Biased Attentional Processing Of Food Cues and Modification mentioning

confidence: 80%

“…In particular, within cognitive-behavioural theories (Cox & Klinger, 2004;Williamson et al, 2004), this food-related bias reflects the activation of dysfunctional food schemas, which manifest as a preoccupation with food and eating. According to incentive sensitisation theory (Berridge, Ho, Jocelyn & DiFeliceantonio, 2010;Volkow & Wise, 2005), biased attentional processing of food cues in obesity is indicative of a heightened food reinforcement (i.e., a stronger motivation to eat), because of an aberrant brain reward system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biased attentional processing of food cues and modification in obese individuals.

2014

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Objective: This paper reports two experiments designed to investigate and modify biased attentional processing of food cues in obesity. Experiment 1: Experiment 1 used a dot probe task to show a food-related attentional bias in 58 obese women, relative to a comparison sample of normal weight controls. Experiment 2: Experiment 2 examined whether this bias can be modified. Using a modified dot probe task, 96 obese women were trained to attend to, or to avoid, food pictures. Attentional bias for food increased in the attend group, and decreased in the avoid group. The attentional re-training effects generalised to an independent measure of biased information processing, such that participants in the avoid group produced relatively fewer food than animal words on a subsequent word stem completion task than those in the attend group. Conclusion: The results extend the application of attentional bias modification from anxiety and addiction to obesity. They also offer potential scope for tackling pathological (over)eating.

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Section: Biased Attentional Processing Of Food Cues and Modification mentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biased attentional processing of food cues and modification in obese individuals.

2014

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“…Among the factors associated with alcohol use, drinking motives (DM) are generally considered as being the most proximal factors underlying drinking behaviours through which the influence of more distal factors, such as personality traits, are mediated (Cooper, 1994;Kuntsche, Knibbe, Engels, & Gmel, 2007). DM refer to the reasons for drinking alcohol and consist of two distinct dimensions (Cox & Klinger, 2004), namely valence (i.e., enhancement of a positive affect or reduction of a negative affect) and source (i.e., drinking to obtain an internal or an external reward). Crossing these two dimensions yields four distinct motives (Cooper, 1994): social DM (positive, external, e.g., drinking to make social gatherings more fun); conformity DM (negative, external, e.g., drinking to not feel left out); enhancement DM (positive, internal, e.g., drinking to get high); and coping DM (negative, internal, e.g., drinking to forget worries).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential association of drinking motives with alcohol use on weekdays and weekends.

Studer¹,

Baggio²,

Mohler‐Kuo

et al. 2014

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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Drinking motives (DM) reflect the reasons why individuals drink alcohol. Weekdays are mainly dedicated to work, whereas weekends are generally associated with spending time with friends during special events or leisure activities; using alcohol on weekdays and weekends may also be related to different DM. This study examined whether DM were differentially associated with drinking volume (DV) on weekdays and weekends. A representative sample of 5,391 young Swiss men completed a questionnaire assessing weekday and weekend DV, as well as their DM, namely enhancement, social, coping, and conformity motives. Associations of DM with weekday and weekend DV were examined using structural equation models (SEM). Each DM was tested individually in a separate model; all associations were positive and generally stronger (except conformity) for weekend rather than for weekday DV. Further specific patterns of association were found when DM were entered into a single model simultaneously. Associations with weekday and with weekend DV were positive for enhancement and coping motives. However, associations were stronger with weekend rather than weekday DV for enhancement, and stronger with weekday than weekend DV for coping motives. Associations of social motives were not significant with weekend DV and negative with weekday DV. Conformity motives were negatively associated with weekend DV and positively related to weekday DV. These results suggest that interventions targeting enhancement motives should be particularly effective to decrease weekend drinking, whereas interventions on coping motives would be particularly effective to reduce alcohol use on weekdays.

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“…Como resultado de la investigación existente sobre las EA, se ha recomendado incluir su evaluación en los programas de prevención y tratamiento sobre el uso y abuso de alcohol (Cox y Klinger, 2004). Existen varios cuestionarios para evaluar las EA (ver Camacho et al, 2013 para una descripción de las medidas existentes).…”

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Desarrollo y validación de la versión corta del cuestionario sobre expectativas de los efectos del alcohol (EQ-SF)

Mezquita

Camacho²,

Suso‐Ribera

et al. 2018

Adicciones

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Resumen Abstract original adicciones vol. 30, nº 4 · 2018Alcohol expectancies are proximal variables to alcohol use and misuse.In recent decades, different measures have been developed to assess this construct. One of the most frequently used and recommended instruments is the Expectancy Questionnaire (EQ; Leigh y Stacy, 1993).Our aim is to develop a short version of the EQ (EQ-SF) for suitable use in time-limited administrations. Two samples, adolescents (N = 514, 57.20% females) and adults (N = 548, 61.50% females), completed the EQ together with alcohol-use measures. Different item selection strategies were applied to select the 24 items. The EQ-SF structure was explored using confirmatory factor analysis, and measurement invariance was tested running a multi-group analysis comparing groups by sex and age. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha and omega coefficients. Concurrent validity was investigated with regression analyses. The EQ-SF showed acceptable between-groups measurement invariance. Alphas and omegas ranged from .77 to .93.Positive expectancies predicted both alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Negative expectancies predicted alcohol-related problems.Sex and age moderated these associations. Males with high positive alcohol expectancies showed higher alcohol consumption than females, while adults with high negative alcohol expectancies showed greater alcohol-related problems than adolescents. Different evidence on the validity and reliability of the EQ-SF suggest that it is a suitable instrument to assess alcohol expectancies in the Spanish population.Keywords: expectancies; alcohol; EQ-SF; assessment; psychometric properties. Las expectativas sobre los efectos del alcohol son una variable proximal al consumo de alcohol. Uno de los instrumentos más usados y recomendados para evaluar este constructo es el ExpectancyQuestionnaire (EQ; Leigh y Stacy, 1993). El objetivo es desarrollar una versión corta del EQ (EQ-SF) útil para administraciones en las que el tiempo de evaluación es reducido. Dos muestras, una de adolescentes (N = 514, 57,20% mujeres) y una de adultos (N = 548, 61,50% mujeres), completaron el EQ y diversas medidas sobre consumo de alcohol. Se utilizaron diversas estrategias para seleccionar los 24 ítems. Se exploró la estructura del EQ-SF mediante análisis factoriales confirmatorios y la invarianza de medida entre sexos y grupos de edad realizando análisis multigrupo. Se calculó la fiabilidad de las escalas mediante el alfa de Cronbach y el coeficiente omega, y la validez concurrente a través de análisis de regresión. La invariancia entre grupos fue aceptable. Los coeficientes alfa y omega iban de ,77 a ,93. Las expectativas positivas predijeron la cantidad de alcohol consumida y los problemas derivados del consumo, mientras que las negativas predijeron los problemas derivados. Sexo y edad moderaron estas asociaciones. Los hombres con elevadas expectativas positivas bebían más que las mujeres, mientras que los adultos con elevadas expectativas negativas mostraron mayores p...

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A Motivational Model of Alcohol Use: Determinants of Use and Change

Cited by 66 publications

References 136 publications

Biased attentional processing of food cues and modification in obese individuals.

Biased attentional processing of food cues and modification in obese individuals.

Differential association of drinking motives with alcohol use on weekdays and weekends.

Desarrollo y validación de la versión corta del cuestionario sobre expectativas de los efectos del alcohol (EQ-SF)

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